# Annotated List of Command-line Options

-adaptive-blur •-adaptive-resize •-adaptive-sharpen •-adjoin •-affine •-alpha •-annotate •-antialias •-append •-attenuate •-authenticate •-auto-gamma •-auto-level •-auto-orient •-auto-threshold •-backdrop •-background •-bench •-bias •-bilateral-blur •-black-point-compensation •-black-threshold •-blend •-blue-primary •-blue-shift •-blur •-border •-bordercolor •-borderwidth •-brightness-contrast •-cache •-canny •-caption •-cdl •-channel •-charcoal •-channel-fx •-chop •-clahe •-clamp •-clip •-clip-mask •-clip-path •-clone •-clut •-coalesce •-colorize •-colormap •-color-matrix •-colors •-colorspace •-color-threshold •-combine •-comment •-compare •-complex •-compose •-composite •-compress •-connected-components •-contrast •-contrast-stretch •-convolve •-copy •-crop •-cycle •-debug •-decipher •-deconstruct •-define •-delay •-delete •-density •-depth •-descend •-deskew •-despeckle •-direction •-displace •-display •-dispose •-dissimilarity-threshold •-dissolve •-distort •-distribute-cache •-dither •-draw •-duplicate •-edge •-emboss •-encipher •-encoding •-endian •-enhance •-equalize •-evaluate •-evaluate-sequence •-extent •-extract •-family •-features •-fft •-fill •-filter •-flatten •-flip •-floodfill •-flop •-font •-foreground •-format •-format[identify] •-frame •-frame[import] •-function •-fuzz •-fx •-gamma •-gaussian-blur •-geometry •-gravity •-grayscale •-green-primary •-hald-clut •-help •-highlight-color •-hough-lines •-iconGeometry •-iconic •-identify •-ift •-immutable •-implode •-insert •-intensity •-intent •-interlace •-interline-spacing •-interpolate •-interpolative-resize •-interword-spacing •-kerning •-kmeans •-kuwahara •-label •-lat •-layers •-level •-level-colors •-limit •-linear-stretch •-linewidth •-liquid-rescale •-list •-log •-loop •-lowlight-color •-magnify •-map •-map[stream] •-mattecolor •-median •-mean-shift •-metric •-mode •-modulate •-moments •-monitor •-monochrome •-morph •-morphology •-mosaic •-motion-blur •-name •-negate •-noise •-normalize •-opaque •-ordered-dither •-orient •-page •-paint •-path •-pause[animate] •-pause[import] •-perceptible •-ping •-pointsize •-polaroid •-poly •-posterize •-precision •-preview •-print •-process •-profile •-quality •-quantize •-quiet •-radial-blur •-raise •-random-threshold •-range-threshold •-read-mask •-red-primary •-regard-warnings •-region •-remap •-remote •-render •-repage •-resample •-resize •-respect-parentheses •-reverse •-roll •-rotate •-sample •-sampling-factor •-scale •-scene •-screen •-seed •-segment •-selective-blur •-separate •-sepia-tone •-set •-shade •-shadow •-shared-memory •-sharpen •-shave •-shear •-sigmoidal-contrast •-silent •-similarity-threshold •-size •-sketch •-smush •-snaps •-solarize •-sparse-color •-splice •-spread •-statistic •-stegano •-stereo •-storage-type •-stretch •-strip •-stroke •-strokewidth •-style •-subimage-search •-swap •-swirl •-synchronize •-taint •-text-font •-texture •-threshold •-thumbnail •-tile •-tile-offset •-tint •-title •-transform •-transparent •-transparent-color •-transpose •-transverse •-treedepth •-trim •-type •-undercolor •-unique-colors •-units •-unsharp •-update •-verbose •-version •-view •-vignette •-virtual-pixel •-visual •-watermark •-wave •-wavelet-denoise •-weight •-white-balance •-white-point •-white-threshold •-window •-window-group •-write •-write-mask

Below is list of command-line options recognized by the ImageMagick command-line tools. If you want a description of a particular option, click on the option name in the navigation bar above and you will go right to it. Unless otherwise noted, each option is recognized by the commands: convert and mogrify.

## -adaptive-blur radius[xsigma]

Adaptively blur pixels, with decreasing effect near edges.

A Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma) is used. If sigma is not given it defaults to 1.

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of blurring that will take place.

The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which will hold the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

## -adaptive-resize geometry

Resize the image using data-dependent triangulation.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The -adaptive-resize option defaults to data-dependent triangulation. Use the -filter to choose a different resampling algorithm. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

## -adaptive-sharpen radius[xsigma]

Adaptively sharpen pixels, with increasing effect near edges.

A Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma) is used. If sigma is not given it defaults to 1.

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of sharpening that will take place.

The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which will hold the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

## -adjoin

Join images into a single multi-image file.

This option is enabled by default. An attempt is made to save all images of an image sequence into the given output file. However, some formats, such as JPEG and PNG, do not support more than one image per file, and in that case ImageMagick is forced to write each image as a separate file. As such, if more than one image needs to be written, the filename given is modified by adding a -scene number before the suffix, in order to make distinct names for each image.

Use +adjoin to force each image to be written to separate files, whether or not the file format allows multiple images per file (for example, GIF, MIFF, and TIFF).

Including a C-style integer format string in the output filename will automagically enable +adjoin and are used to specify where the -scene number is placed in the filenames. These strings, such as '`%d`' or '`%03d`', are familiar to those who have used the standard `printf()`' C-library function. As an example, the command

`convert logo: rose: -morph 15 my%02dmorph.jpg`

will create a sequence of 17 images (the two given plus 15 more created by -morph), named: my00morph.jpg, my01morph.jpg, my02morph.jpg, ..., my16morph.jpg.

In summary, ImageMagick tries to write all images to one file, but will save to multiple files, if any of the following conditions exist...

1. the output image's file format does not allow multi-image files,
2. the +adjoin option is given, or
3. a printf() integer format string (eg: "%d") is present in the output filename.

## -affine sx,rx,ry,sy[,tx,ty]

Set the drawing transformation matrix for combined rotating and scaling.

This option sets a transformation matrix, for use by subsequent -draw or -transform options.

The matrix entries are entered as comma-separated numeric values either in quotes or without spaces.

Internally, the transformation matrix has 3x3 elements, but three of them are omitted from the input because they are constant. The new (transformed) coordinates (x', y') of a pixel at position (x, y) in the original image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

The size of the resulting image is that of the smallest rectangle that contains the transformed source image. The parameters tx and ty subsequently shift the image pixels so that those that are moved out of the image area are cut off.

The transformation matrix complies with the left-handed pixel coordinate system: positive x and y directions are rightward and downward, resp.; positive rotation is clockwise.

If the translation coefficients tx and ty are omitted they default to 0,0. Therefore, four parameters suffice for rotation and scaling without translation.

Scaling by the factors sx and sy in the x and y directions, respectively, is accomplished with the following.

See -transform, and the -distort method '`Affineprojection` for more information

`-affine sx,0,0,sy`

Translation by a displacement (tx, ty) is accomplished like so:

`-affine 1,0,0,1,tx,ty`

Rotate clockwise about the origin (the upper left-hand corner) by an angle a by letting c = cos(a), s = sin(a), and using the following.

`-affine c,s,-s,c`

The cumulative effect of a sequence of -affine transformations can be accomplished by instead by a single -affine operation using the matrix equal to the product of the matrices of the individual transformations.

An attempt is made to detect near-singular transformation matrices. If the matrix determinant has a sufficiently small absolute value it is rejected.

## -alpha type

Gives control of the alpha/matte channel of an image.

Used to set a flag on an image indicating whether or not to use existing alpha channel data, to create an alpha channel, or to perform other operations on the alpha channel. Choose the argument type from the list below.

activate
  Enable the image's transparency channel. Note normally Set should be used instead of this, unless you specifically need to preserve existing (but specifically turned Off) transparency channel.
associate
  associate the alpha channel with the image.
background
  Set any fully-transparent pixel to the background color, while leaving it fully-transparent. This can make some image file formats, such as PNG, smaller as the RGB values of transparent pixels are more uniform, and thus can compress better.
copy
  Turns 'On' the alpha/matte channel, then copies the grayscale intensity of the image, into the alpha channel, converting a grayscale mask into a transparent shaped mask ready to be colored appropriately. The color channels are not modified.
deactivate
  Disables the image's transparency channel. Does not delete or change the existing data, just turns off the use of that data.
disassociate
  disassociate the alpha channel from the image.
extract
  Copies the alpha channel values into all the color channels and turns 'Off' the image's transparency, so as to generate a grayscale mask of the image's shape. The alpha channel data is left intact just deactivated. This is the inverse of 'Copy'.
off-if-opaque
  disable the alpha channel if and only if its entirely opaque.
opaque
  Enables the alpha/matte channel and forces it to be fully opaque.
remove
  Composite the image over the background color.
set
  Activates the alpha/matte channel. If it was previously turned off then it also resets the channel to opaque. If the image already had the alpha channel turned on, it will have no effect.
shape
  As per 'Copy' but also colors the resulting shape mask with the current background color. That is the RGB color channels is replaced, with appropriate alpha shape.
transparent
  Activates the alpha/matte channel and forces it to be fully transparent. This effectively creates a fully transparent image the same size as the original and with all its original RGB data still intact, but fully transparent.

Note that while the obsolete `+matte` operation was the same as "`-alpha Off`", the `>-matte` operation was the same as "`-alpha Set`" and not "`-alpha On`".

## -annotate degrees text
-annotate XdegreesxYdegrees text
-annotate XdegreesxYdegrees{+-}tx{+-}ty text
-annotate {+-}tx{+-}ty text

Annotate an image with text

This is a convenience for annotating an image with text. For more precise control over text annotations, use -draw.

The values Xdegrees and Ydegrees control the shears applied to the text, while tx and ty are offsets that give the location of the text relative any -gravity setting and defaults to the upper left corner of the image.

Using -annotate degrees or -annotate degreesxdegrees produces an unsheared rotation of the text. The direction of the rotation is positive, which means a clockwise rotation if degrees is positive. (This conforms to the usual mathematical convention once it is realized that the positive y–direction is conventionally considered to be downward for images.)

The new (transformed) coordinates (x', y') of a pixel at position (x, y) in the image are calculated using the following matrix equation.

If tx and ty are omitted, they default to 0. This makes the bottom-left of the text becomes the upper-left corner of the image, which is probably undesirable. Adding a -gravity option in this case leads to nice results.

Text is any UTF-8 encoded character sequence. If text is of the form '@mytext.txt', the text is read from the file `mytext.txt`. Text in a file is taken literally; no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

## -antialias

Enable/Disable of the rendering of anti-aliasing pixels when drawing fonts and lines.

By default, objects (e.g. text, lines, polygons, etc.) are antialiased when drawn. Use +antialias to disable the addition of antialiasing edge pixels. This will then reduce the number of colors added to an image to just the colors being directly drawn. That is, no mixed colors are added when drawing such objects.

## -append

Join current images vertically or horizontally.

This option creates a single longer image, by joining all the current images in sequence top-to-bottom. Use +append to stack images left-to-right.

If they are not of the same width, narrower images are padded with the current -background color setting, and their position relative to each other can be controlled by the current -gravity setting.

For more flexible options, including the abiity to add space between images, use -smush.

## -attenuate value

Lessen (or intensify) when adding noise to an image.

If unset the value is equivalent to 1.0, or a maximum noise addition

## -authenticate password

Decrypt a PDF with a password.

Use this option to supply a password for decrypting a PDF that has been encrypted using Microsoft Crypto API (MSC API). The encrypting using the MSC API is not supported.

For a different encryption method, see -encipher and -decipher.

## -auto-gamma

Automagically adjust gamma level of image.

This calculates the mean values of an image, then applies a calculated -gamma adjustment so that the mean color in the image will get a value of 50%.

This means that any solid 'gray' image becomes 50% gray.

This works well for real-life images with little or no extreme dark and light areas, but tend to fail for images with large amounts of bright sky or dark shadows. It also does not work well for diagrams or cartoon like images.

It uses the -channel setting, (including the 'sync' flag for channel synchronization), to determine which color values is used and modified. As the default -channel setting is 'RGB,sync', channels are modified together by the same gamma value, preserving colors.

## -auto-level

Automagically adjust color levels of image.

This is a 'perfect' image normalization operator. It finds the exact minimum and maximum color values in the image and then applies a -level operator to stretch the values to the full range of values.

The operator is not typically used for real-life images, image scans, or JPEG format images, as a single 'out-rider' pixel can set a bad min/max values for the -level operation. On the other hand it is the right operator to use for color stretching gradient images being used to generate Color lookup tables, distortion maps, or other 'mathematically' defined images.

The operator is very similar to the -normalize, -contrast-stretch, and -linear-stretch operators, but without 'histogram binning' or 'clipping' problems that these operators may have. That is -auto-level is the perfect or ideal version these operators.

It uses the -channel setting, (including the special 'sync' flag for channel synchronization), to determine which color values are used and modified. As the default +channel setting is 'RGB,sync', the 'sync' ensures that the color channels will are modified together by the same gamma value, preserving colors, and ignoring transparency.

## -auto-orient

Adjusts an image so that its orientation is suitable for viewing (i.e. top-left orientation).

This operator reads and resets the EXIF image profile setting 'Orientation' and then performs the appropriate 90 degree rotation on the image to orient the image, for correct viewing.

This EXIF profile setting is usually set using a gravity sensor in digital camera, however photos taken directly downward or upward may not have an appropriate value. Also images that have been orientation 'corrected' without reseting this setting, may be 'corrected' again resulting in a incorrect result. If the EXIF profile was previously stripped, the -auto-orient operator will do nothing.

## -auto-threshold method

Automatically perform image thresholding.

Here are the valid methods:

Undefined
  0: No method specified (equivalent to '`OTSU`').
Kapur
  maximum entropy thresholding.
OTSU
  cluster-based image thresholding.
Triangle
  a geometric thresholding method.

The computed threshold is returned as the `auto-threshold:verbose` image property. To instead print to your device, use `-define auto-threshold:verbose=true`.

## -average

Average a set of images.

An error results if the images are not identically sized.

## -backdrop

Display the image centered on a backdrop.

This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is specified as the background color. The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

## -background color

Set the background color.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option. The default background color (if none is specified or found in the image) is white.

## -bench iterations

Measure performance.

Repeat the entire command for the given number of iterations and report the user-time and elapsed time. For instance, consider the following command and its output. Modify the benchmark with the -duration to run the benchmark for a fixed number of seconds and -concurrent to run the benchmark in parallel (requires the OpenMP feature).

`$ convert logo: -resize 200% -bench 5 logo.png Performance[1]: 5i 1.344ips 1.000e 3.710u 0:03.720 Performance[2]: 5i 1.634ips 0.549e 3.890u 0:03.060 Performance[3]: 5i 2.174ips 0.618e 3.190u 0:02.300 Performance[4]: 5i 1.678ips 0.555e 3.810u 0:02.980 Performance[4]: 5i 0.875657ips 6.880u 0:05.710`

In this example, 5 iterations were completed at 2.174 iterations per second, using 3 threads and 3.190 seconds of the user allotted time, for a total elapsed time of 2.300 seconds.

## -bias value{%}

Add bias when convolving an image.

This option shifts the output of -convolve so that positive and negative results are relative to the specified bias value.

This is important for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick when dealing with convolutions that contain negative as well as positive values. This is especially the case with convolutions involving high pass filters or edge detection. Without an output bias, the negative values are clipped at zero.

When using an ImageMagick with the HDRI compile-time setting, -bias is not needed, as ImageMagick is able to store/handle any negative results without clipping to the color value range (0..QuantumRange).

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this Wikipedia entry.

## -bilateral-blur width{xheight}{+intensity-sigma}{+spatial-sigma}

A non-linear, edge-preserving, and noise-reducing smoothing filter for images. It replaces the intensity of each pixel with a weighted average of intensity values from nearby pixels. This weight is based on a Gaussian distribution. The weights depend not only on Euclidean distance of pixels, but also on the radiometric differences (e.g., range differences, such as color intensity, depth distance, etc.). This preserves sharp edges.

The intensity sigma is in the intensity space. A larger value means that farther colors within the pixel neighborhood (see spatial-sigma) will be mixed together, resulting in larger areas of semi-equal color.

The spatial sigma is in the coordinate space. A larger value means that farther pixels influence each other as long as their colors are close enough (see intensity-sigma ). When the neigborhood diameter is greater than zero, it specifies the neighborhood size regardless of spatial-sigma. Otherwise, the neigborhood diameter is proportional to spatial-sigma.

The default value for the intensity and spatial sigmas are 0.75*diameter and 0.25*diameter respectively.

## -black-point-compensation

Use black point compensation.

## -black-threshold value{%}

Force to black all pixels below the threshold while leaving all pixels at or above the threshold unchanged.

The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value within [0, QuantumRange] corresponding to the desired -channel value. See -threshold for more details on thresholds and resulting values.

## -blend geometry

Blend an image into another by the given absolute value or percent.

Blend will average the images together ('plus') according to the percentages given and each pixels transparency. If only a single percentage value is given it sets the weight of the composite or 'source' image, while the background image is weighted by the exact opposite amount. That is a `-blend 30%` merges 30% of the 'source' image with 70% of the 'destination' image. Thus it is equivalent to `-blend 30x70%`.

## -blue-primary x,y

Set the blue chromaticity primary point.

## -blue-shift factor

Simulate a scene at nighttime in the moonlight. Start with a factor of 1.5

## -blur radius
-blur radius{xsigma}

Reduce image noise and reduce detail levels.

Convolve the image with a Gaussian or normal distribution using the given Sigma value. The formula is:

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of blurring that will take place.

The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which will hold the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

The larger the Radius the slower the operation is. However too small a Radius, and severe aliasing effects may result. As a guideline, Radius should be at least twice the Sigma value, though three times will produce a more accurate result.

This option differs from -gaussian-blur simply by taking advantage of the separability properties of the distribution. Here we apply a single-dimensional Gaussian matrix in the horizontal direction, then repeat the process in the vertical direction.

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

## -border geometry

Surround the image with a border of color.

Set the width and height using the size portion of the geometry argument. See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets are ignored.

As of IM 6.7.8-8, the geometry arguments behave as follows:

value
  value is added to both left/right and top/bottom
value-x `x`
  value-x is added only to left/right and top/bottom are unchanged
`x` value-y
  value-y is added only to top/bottom and left/right are unchanged
value-x `x` value-y
  value-x is added to left/right and value-y added to top/bottom
value-x `x`0
  value-x is added only to left/right and top/bottom are unchanged
0`x` value-y
  value-y is added only to top/bottom and left/right are unchanged
value%
  value % of width is added to left/right and value % of height is added to top/bottom
value-x `x`%
  value-x % of width is added to left/right and to top/bottom
xvalue-y%
  value-y % of height is added to top/bottom and to left/right
value-x%`x` value-y%
  value-x % of width is added to left/right and value-y % of height is added to top/bottom
value-x%`x`0%
  value-x % of width is added to left/right and top/bottom are unchanged
0%`x` value-y%
  value-y % of height is added to top/bottom and left/right are unchanged

Set the border color by preceding with the -bordercolor setting.

The -border operation is affected by the current -compose setting and assumes that this is using the default '`Over`' composition method. It generates an image of the appropriate size colors by the current -bordercolor before overlaying the original image in the center of this net image. This means that with the default compose method of '`Over`' any transparent parts may be replaced by the current -bordercolor setting.

See also the -frame option, which has more functionality.

## -bordercolor color

Set the border color.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

The default border color is `#DFDFDF`, this shade of gray.

## -borderwidth geometry

Set the border width.

## -brightness-contrast brightness
-brightness-contrast brightness{xcontrast}{%}

Adjust the brightness and/or contrast of the image.

Brightness and Contrast values apply changes to the input image. They are not absolute settings. A brightness or contrast value of zero means no change. The range of values is -100 to +100 on each. Positive values increase the brightness or contrast and negative values decrease the brightness or contrast. To control only contrast, set the brightness=0. To control only brightness, set contrast=0 or just leave it off.

You may also use -channel to control which channels to apply the brightness and/or contrast change. The default is to apply the same transformation to all channels.

Brightness and Contrast arguments are converted to offset and slope of a linear transform and applied using -function polynomial "slope,offset".

The slope varies from 0 at contrast=-100 to almost vertical at contrast=+100. For brightness=0 and contrast=-100, the result are totally midgray. For brightness=0 and contrast=+100, the result will approach but not quite reach a threshold at midgray; that is the linear transformation is a very steep vertical line at mid gray.

Negative slopes, i.e. negating the image, are not possible with this function. All achievable slopes are zero or positive.

The offset varies from -0.5 at brightness=-100 to 0 at brightness=0 to +0.5 at brightness=+100. Thus, when contrast=0 and brightness=100, the result is totally white. Similarly, when contrast=0 and brightness=-100, the result is totally black.

As the range of values for the arguments are -100 to +100, adding the '%' symbol is no different than leaving it off.

## -cache threshold

(This option has been replaced by the -limit option).

## -canny radius
-canny radius{xsigma}{+lower-percent}{+upper-percent}

Canny edge detector uses a multi-stage algorithm to detect a wide range of edges in the image.

The thresholds range from 0 to 100% (e.g. -canny 0x1+10%+30%) with {+lower-percent} < {+upper-percent}. If {+upper-percent} is increased but {+lower-percent} remains the same, lesser edge components will be detected, but their lengths will be the same. If {+lower-percent} is increased but {+upper-percent} is the same, the same number of edge components will be detected but their lengths will be shorter. The default thresholds are shown.

The radius{xsigma} controls a gaussian blur applied to the input image to reduce noise and smooth the edges.

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of blurring that will take place.

The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which holds the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

## -caption string

Assign a caption to an image.

This option sets the caption meta-data of an image read in after this option has been given. To modify a caption of images already in memory use "`-set caption`".

The caption can contain special format characters listed in the Format and Print Image Properties. These attributes are expanded when the caption is finally assigned to the individual images.

If the first character of string is @, the image caption is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. Comments read in from a file are literal; no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

Caption meta-data is not visible on the image itself. To do that use the -annotate or -draw options instead.

For example,

`-caption "%m:%f %wx%h" bird.miff`

produces an image caption of `MIFF:bird.miff 512x480` (assuming that the image `bird.miff` has a width of 512 and a height of 480.

## -cdl filename

Color correct with a color decision list.

Here is an example color correction collection:

`<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <ColorCorrectionCollection xmlns="urn:ASC:CDL:v1.2"> <ColorCorrection id="cc06668"> <SOPNode> <Slope> 0.9 1.2 0.5 </Slope> <Offset> 0.4 -0.5 0.6 </Offset> <Power> 1.0 0.8 1.5 </Power> </SOPNode> <SATNode> <Saturation> 0.85 </Saturation> </SATNode> </ColorCorrection> </ColorCorrectionCollection>`

## -channel type

Specify those image color channels to which subsequent operators are limited.

Choose from: `Red`, `Green`, `Blue`, `Alpha`, `Gray`, `Cyan`, `Magenta`, `Yellow`, `Black`, `Opacity`, `Index`, `RGB`, `RGBA`, `CMYK`, or `CMYKA`.

The channels above can also be specified as a comma-separated list or can be abbreviated as a concatenation of the letters '`R`', '`G`', '`B`', '`A`', '`O`', '`C`', '`M`', '`Y`', '`K`'.

The numerals 0 to 31 may also be used to specify channels, where 0 to 5 are:

'`0`' equals `Red` or `Cyan`
'`1`' equals `Green` or `Magenta`
'`2`' equals `Blue` or `Yellow`
'`3`' equals `Black`
'`4`' equals `Alpha` or `Opacity`
'`5`' equals `Index`

For example, to only select the `Red` and `Blue` channels you can use any of the following:

`-channel Red,Blue` `-channel R,B` `-channel RB` `-channel 0,2`

All the channels that are present in an image can be specified using the special channel type `All`. Not all operators are 'channel capable', but generally any operators that are generally 'grey-scale' image operators, will understand this setting. See individual operator documentation.

On top of the normal channel selection an extra flag can be specified, '`Sync`'. This is turned on by default and if set means that operators that understand this flag should perform: cross-channel synchronization of the channels. If not specified, then most grey-scale operators will apply their image processing operations to each individual channel (as specified by the rest of the -channel setting) completely independently from each other.

For example for operators such as -auto-level and -auto-gamma the color channels are modified together in exactly the same way so that colors will remain in-sync. Without it being set, then each channel is modified separately and independently, which may produce color distortion.

The -morphology '`Convolve`' method and the -compose mathematical methods, also understands the '`Sync`' flag to modify the behavior of pixel colors according to the alpha channel (if present). That is to say it will modify the image processing with the understanding that fully-transparent colors should not contribute to the final result.

Basically, by default, operators work with color channels in synchronous, and treats transparency as special, unless the -channel setting is modified so as to remove the effect of the '`Sync`' flag. How each operator does this depends on that operators current implementation. Not all operators understands this flag at this time, but that is changing.

To print a complete list of channel types, use -list channel.

By default, ImageMagick sets -channel to the value '`RGBK,sync`', which specifies that operators act on all color channels except the transparency channel, and that all the color channels are to be modified in exactly the same way, with an understanding of transparency (depending on the operation being applied). The 'plus' form +channel will reset the value back to this default.

Options that are affected by the -channel setting include the following. -auto-gamma, -auto-level, -black-threshold, -blur, -clamp, -clut, -combine, -composite (Mathematical compose methods only), -convolve, -contrast-stretch, -evaluate, -function, -fx, -gaussian-blur, -hald-clut, -motion-blur, -morphology, -negate, -normalize, -ordered-dither, -radial-blur, -random-threshold, -range-threshold, -separate, -threshold, and -white-threshold.

Warning, some operators behave differently when the +channel default setting is in effect, versus ANY user defined -channel setting (including the equivalent of the default). These operators have yet to be made to understand the newer 'Sync' flag.

For example -threshold will by default grayscale the image before thresholding, if no -channel setting has been defined. This is not 'Sync flag controlled, yet.

Also some operators such as -blur, -gaussian-blur, will modify their handling of the color channels if the '`alpha`' channel is also enabled by -channel. Generally this done to ensure that fully-transparent colors are treated as being fully-transparent, and thus any underlying 'hidden' color has no effect on the final results. Typically resulting in 'halo' effects. The newer -morphology convolution equivalents however does have a understanding of the 'Sync' flag and will thus handle transparency correctly by default.

As an alpha channel is optional within images, some operators will read the color channels of an image as a greyscale alpha mask, when the image has no alpha channel present, and the -channel setting tells the operator to apply the operation using alpha channels. The -clut operator is a good example of this.

## -channel-fx expression

Exchange, extract, or copy one or more image channels.

The expression consists of one or more channels, either mnemonic or numeric (e.g. red or 0, green or 1, etc.), separated by certain operation symbols as follows:

`<=> exchange two channels (e.g. red<=>blue) => copy one channel to another channel (e.g. red=>green) = assign a constant value to a channel (e.g. red=50%) , write new image with channels in the specified order (e.g. red, green) ; add a new output image for the next set of channel operations (e.g. red; green; blue) | move to the next input image for the source of channel data (e.g. | gray=>alpha)`

For example, to create 3 grayscale images from the red, green, and blue channels of an image, use:

`-channel-fx "red; green; blue"`

A channel without an operation symbol implies separate (i.e, semicolon).

Here we take an sRGB image and a grayscale image and inject the grayscale image into the alpha channel:

`convert wizard.png mask.pgm -channel-fx '| gray=>alpha' wizard-alpha.png`

Use a similar command to define a read mask:

`convert wizard.png mask.pgm -channel-fx '| gray=>read-mask' wizard-mask.png`

Add `-debug pixel` prior to the `-channel-fx` option to track the channel morphology.

## -charcoal factor

Simulate a charcoal drawing.

## -chop geometry

Remove pixels from the interior of an image.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The width and height given in the of the size portion of the geometry argument give the number of columns and rows to remove. The offset portion of the geometry argument is influenced by a -gravity setting, if present.

The -chop option removes entire rows and columns, and moves the remaining corner blocks leftward and upward to close the gaps.

While it can remove internal rows and columns of pixels, it is more typically used with as -gravity setting and zero offsets so as to remove a single edge from an image. Compare this to -shave which removes equal numbers of pixels from opposite sides of the image.

Using -chop effectively undoes the results of a -splice that was given the same geometry and -gravity settings.

## -clahe widthxheight{%}{+}number-bins{+}clip-limit{!}

Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization.

The image is divided into tiles of width and height pixels. Append `%` to define the width and height as percentages of the image's dimensions. The tile size should be larger than the size of features to be preserved and respects the aspect ratio of the image. Add `!` to force an exact tile width and height. number-bins is the number of histogram bins per tile (min 2, max 65536). The number of histogram bins should be smaller than the number of pixels in a single tile. clip-limit is the contrast limit for localized changes in contrast. A clip-limit of 2 to 3 is a good starting place (e.g. -clahe 50x50%+128+3). Very large values will let the histogram equalization do whatever it wants to do, that is result in maximal local contrast. The value 1 will result in the original image. Note, if the number of bins and the clip-limit are ommitted, they default to 128 and no clipping respectively.

## -clamp

Set each pixel whose value is below zero to zero and any the pixel whose value is above the quantum range to the quantum range (e.g. 65535) otherwise the pixel value remains unchanged.

## -clip

Apply the clipping path if one is present.

If a clipping path is present, it is applied to subsequent operations.

For example, in the command

`convert cockatoo.tif -clip -negate negated.tif`

only the pixels within the clipping path are negated.

The -clip feature requires SVG support. If the SVG delegate library is not present, the option is ignored.

Use +clip to disable clipping for subsequent operations.

## -clip-mask

Clip the image as defined by this mask.

Use the alpha channel of the current image as a mask. Any areas that is white is not modified by any of the 'image processing operators' that follow, until the mask is removed. Pixels in the black areas of the clip mask are modified per the requirements of the operator.

In some ways this is similar to (though not the same) as defining a rectangular -region, or using the negative of the mask (third) image in a three image -composite, operation.

Use +clip-mask to disable clipping for subsequent operations.

## -clip-path id

Clip along a named path from the 8BIM profile.

This is identical to -clip except choose a specific clip path in the event the image has more than one path available. ImageMagick supports UTF-8 encoding. If your named path is in a different encoding, use `iconv` to convert the clip path name to that encoding otherwise the path name will not match.

Use +clip-path to disable clipping for subsequent operations.

## -clone index(s)

Make a clone of an image (or images).

Inside parenthesis (where the operator is normally used) it will make a clone of the images from the last 'pushed' image sequence, and adds them to the end of the current image sequence. Outside parenthesis (not recommended) it clones the images from the current image sequence.

Specify the image by its index in the sequence. The first image is index 0. Negative indexes are relative to the end of the sequence; for example, `−1` represents the last image of the sequence. Specify a range of images with a dash (e.g. `0−4`). Separate multiple indexes with commas but no spaces (e.g. `0,2,5`). A value of '`0−−1` will effectively clone all the images.

The +clone will simply make a copy of the last image in the image sequence, and is thus equivalent to using an argument of '`−1`'.

## -clut

Replace the channel values in the first image using each corresponding channel in the second image as a color lookup table.

The second (LUT) image is ordinarily a gradient image containing the histogram mapping of how each channel should be modified. Typically it is a either a single row or column image of replacement color values. If larger than a single row or column, values are taken from a diagonal line from top-left to bottom-right corners.

The lookup is further controlled by the -interpolate setting, which is especially handy for an LUT which is not the full length needed by the ImageMagick installed Quality (Q) level. Good settings for this are '`bilinear`' and '`catrom`'. Catom can return a useful second-order continuity.

This operator is especially suited to replacing a grayscale image with a specific color gradient from the CLUT image.

Only the channel values defined by the -channel setting will have their values replaced. In particular, since the default -channel setting is `RGB`, this means that transparency (alpha/matte channel) is not affected, unless the -channel setting is modified. When the alpha channel is set, it is treated by the -clut operator in the same way as the other channels, implying that alpha/matte values are replaced using the alpha/matte values of the original image.

If either the image being modified, or the lookup image, contains no transparency (i.e. -alpha is turned 'off') but the -channel setting includes alpha replacement, then it is assumed that image represents a grayscale gradient which is used for the replacement alpha values. That is you can use a grayscale CLUT image to adjust a existing images alpha channel, or you can color a grayscale image using colors form CLUT containing the desired colors, including transparency.

See also -hald-clut which replaces colors according to the lookup of the full color RGB value from a 2D representation of a 3D color cube.

## -coalesce

Fully define the look of each frame of an GIF animation sequence, to form a 'film strip' animation.

Overlay each image in an image sequence according to its -dispose meta-data, to reproduce the look of an animation at each point in the animation sequence. All images should be the same size, and are assigned appropriate GIF disposal settings for the animation to continue working as expected as a GIF animation. Such frames are more easily viewed and processed than the highly optimized GIF overlay images.

The animation can be re-optimized after processing using the -layers method '`optimize`', although there is no guarantee that the restored GIF animation optimization is better than the original.

## -colorize value

Colorize the image by an amount specified by value using the color specified by the most recent -fill setting.

Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. Separate colorization values can be applied to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a comma-delimited list of colorization values (e.g., `-colorize 0,0,50`).

## -colormap type

Define the colormap type.

The type can be `shared` or `private`.

This option only applies when the default X server visual is `PseudoColor` or `GrayScale`. Refer to -visual for more details. By default, a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients. Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look very different than intended. If `private` is chosen, the image colors appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.

## -colors value

Set the preferred number of colors in the image.

The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request, but never more. Note that this a color reduction option. Images with fewer unique colors than specified by value will have any duplicate or unused colors removed. The ordering of an existing color palette may be altered. When converting an image from color to grayscale, it is more efficient to convert the image to the gray colorspace before reducing the number of colors. Refer to the color reduction algorithm for more details.

## -color-matrix matrix

Apply color correction to the image.

This option permits saturation changes, hue rotation, luminance to alpha, and various other effects. Although variable-sized transformation matrices can be used, typically one uses a 5x5 matrix for an RGBA image and a 6x6 for CMYKA (or RGBA with offsets). The matrix is similar to those used by Adobe Flash except offsets are in column 6 rather than 5 (in support of CMYKA images) and offsets are normalized (divide Flash offset by 255).

As an example, to add contrast to an image with offsets, try this command:

`convert kittens.jpg -color-matrix \ " 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \ 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \ 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0, 0.0, -0.157 \ 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 \ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 1.0, 0.0 \ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0, 0.0, 1.0" kittens.png`

## -colorspace value

Set the image colorspace.

Choices are:

`CMY CMYK Gray HCL HCLp HSB HSI HSL HSV HWB Jzazbz Lab LCHab LCHuv LMS Log Luv OHTA Rec601YCbCr Rec709YCbCr RGB scRGB sRGB Transparent xyY XYZ YCbCr YCC YDbDr YIQ YPbPr YUV Undefined`

To print a complete list of colorspaces, use -list colorspace.

For a more accurate color conversion to or from the linear RGB, CMYK, or grayscale colorspaces, use the -profile option. Note, ImageMagick assumes the sRGB colorspace if the image format does not indicate otherwise. For colorspace conversion, the gamma function is first removed to produce linear RGB.

Conversion of RGB to Other Color Spaces
CMY
C=QuantumRange−R
M=QuantumRange−G
Y=QuantumRange−B
CMYK — starts with CMY from above
K=min(C,Y,M)
C=QuantumRange*(C−K)/(QuantumRange−K)
M=QuantumRange*(M−K)/(QuantumRange−K)
Y=QuantumRange*(Y−K)/(QuantumRange−K)
Gray
Gray = 0.212656*R+0.715158*G+0.072186*B
HSB — Hue, Saturation, Brightness; like a cone peak downward
H=angle around perimeter (0 to 360 deg); H=0 is red; increasing angles toward green
S=distance from axis outward
B=distance along axis from bottom upward; B=max(R,G,B); intensity-like
HSL — Hue, Saturation, Lightness; like a double cone end-to-end with peaks at very top and bottom
H=angle around perimeter (0 to 360 deg); H=0 is red; increasing angles toward green
S=distance from axis outward
L=distance along axis from bottom upward; L=0.5*max(R,G,B) + 0.5*min(R,G,B); intensity-like
HWB — Hue, Whiteness, Blackness
Hue (complicated equation)
Whiteness (complicated equation)
Blackness (complicated equation)
LAB
L (complicated equation relating X,Y,Z)
A (complicated equation relating X,Y,Z)
B (complicated equation relating X,Y,Z)
LinearGray
LinearGray = 0.298839*R+0.586811*G+0.114350*B
LOG
I1 (complicated equation involving logarithm of R)
I2 (complicated equation involving logarithm of G)
I3 (complicated equation involving logarithm of B)
OHTA — approximates principal components transformation
I1=0.33333*R+0.33334*G+0.33333*B; intensity-like
I2=(0.50000*R+0.00000*G−0.50000*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
I3=(−0.25000*R+0.50000*G−0.25000*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
Rec601Luma
Gray = 0.298839*R+0.586811*G+0.114350*B
Rec601YCbCr
Y=0.2988390*R+0.5868110*G+0.1143500*B; intensity-like
Cb=(−0.168736*R-0.331264*G+0.500000*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
Cr=(0.500000*R−0.418688*G−0.081312*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
Rec709Luma
Gray=0.212656*R+0.715158*G+0.072186*B
Rec709YCbCr
Y=0.212656*R+0.715158*G+0.072186*B; intensity-like
Cb=(−0.114572*R−0.385428*G+0.500000*B)+(QuantumRange+1)/2
Cr=(0.500000*R−0.454153*G−0.045847*B)+(QuantumRange+1)/2
sRGB
if R ≤ .0.0031308 then Rs=R/12.92 else Rs=1.055 R ^ (1.0 / 2.4) - 0.055
if G ≤ .0.0031308 then Gs=B/12.92 else Gs=1.055 R ^ (1.0 / 2.4) - 0.055
if B ≤ .0.0031308 then Bs=B/12.92 else Bs=1.055 R ^ (1.0 / 2.4) - 0.055
XYZ
X=0.4124564*R+0.3575761*G+0.1804375*B
Y=0.2126729*R+0.7151522*G+0.0721750*B
Z=0.0193339*R+0.1191920*G+0.9503041*B
YCC
Y=(0.298839*R+0.586811*G+0.114350*B) (with complicated scaling); intensity-like
C1=(−0.298839*R−0.586811*G+0.88600*B) (with complicated scaling)
C2=(0.70100*R−0.586811*G−0.114350*B) (with complicated scaling)
YCbCr
Y=0.2988390*R+0.5868110*G+0.1143500*B; intensity-like
Cb=(−0.168736*R−0.331264*G+0.500000*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
Cr=(0.500000*R−0.418688*G−0.081312*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
YIQ
Y=0.298839*R+0.586811*G+0.114350*B; intensity-like
I=(0.59600*R−0.27400*G−0.32200*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
Q=(0.21100*R−0.52300*G+0.31200*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
YPbPr
Y=0.2988390*R+0.5868110*G+0.1143500*B; intensity-like
Pb=(−0.168736*R−0.331264*G+0.500000*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
Pr=(0.500000*R−0.418688*G−0.081312*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
YUV
Y=0.298839*R+0.586811*G+0.114350*B; intensity-like
U=(−0.14740*R−0.28950*G+0.43690*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2
V=(0.61500*R−0.51500*G−0.10000*B)*(QuantumRange+1)/2

Note the scRGB colorspace requires HDRI support otherwise it behaves just like linear RGB.

Use the `Undefined` colorspace to identify multi-spectral images.

## -color-threshold start-color-stop-color

Return a binary image where all colors within the specified range are changed to white. All other colors are changed to black.

## -combine

## +combine colorspace

Combine one or more images into a single image.

The channels (previously set by -channel) of the combined image are taken from the grayscale values of each image in the sequence, in order. For the default -channel setting of `RGB`, this means the first image is assigned to the `Red` channel, the second to the `Green` channel, the third to the `Blue`.

This option can be thought of as the inverse to -separate, so long as the channel settings are the same. Thus, in the following example, the final image should be a copy of the original.

`convert original.png -channel RGB -separate sepimage.png convert sepimage-0.png sepimage-1.png sepimage-2.png -channel RGB \ -combine imagecopy.png`

## -comment string

Embed a comment in an image.

This option sets the comment meta-data of an image read in after this option has been given. To modify a comment of images already in memory use "`-set comment`".

The comment can contain special format characters listed in the Format and Print Image Properties. These attributes are expanded when the comment is finally assigned to the individual images.

If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. Comments read in from a file are literal; no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

Comment meta-data are not visible on the image itself. To do that use the -annotate or -draw options instead.

For example,

`-comment "%m:%f %wx%h" bird.miff`

produces an image comment of `MIFF:bird.miff 512x480` (assuming that the image `bird.miff` has a width of 512 and a height of 480.

## -compare

Mathematically and visually annotate the difference between an image and its reconstruction

This is a convert version of "`compare`" for two same sized images. The syntax is as follows, but other metrics are allowed.

`convert image.png reference.png -metric RMSE -compare \
difference.png`

To get the metric value use the string format "%[distortion]".

`convert image.png reference.png -metric RMSE -compare -format \ "%[distortion]" info:`

## -complex operator

Perform complex mathematics on an image sequence

Choose from these operators:

`add conjugate divide magnitude-phase multiply real-imaginary subtract`

Optionally specify the `divide` operator SNR with `-define complex:snr=float`.

## -compose operator

Set the type of image composition.

See Alpha Compositing for a detailed discussion of alpha compositing.

This setting affects image processing operators that merge two (or more) images together in some way. This includes the operators, -compare, -composite, -layers composite, -flatten, -mosaic, -layers merge, -border, -frame, and -extent.

It is also one of the primary options for the "`composite`" command.

## -composite

Perform alpha composition on two images and an optional mask

Take the first image 'destination' and overlay the second 'source' image according to the current -compose setting. The location of the 'source' or 'overlay' image is controlled according to -gravity, and -geometry settings.

If a third image is given this is treated as a grayscale blending 'mask' image relative to the first 'destination' image. This mask is blended with the source image. However for the '`displace`' compose method, the mask is used to provide a separate Y-displacement image instead.

If a -compose method requires extra numerical arguments or flags these can be provided by setting the -set '`option:compose:args`' appropriately for the compose method.

Some -compose methods can modify the 'destination' image outside the overlay area. It is disabled by default. You can enable this by setting the define: -define '`compose:clip-to-self=true`'.

The SVG compositing specification requires that color and opacity values range between zero and QuantumRange inclusive. You can permit values outside this range with this option: -set '`option:compose:clamp=false`

## -compress type

Use pixel compression specified by type when writing the image.

Choices are: `None`, `BZip`, `Fax`, `Group4`, `JPEG`, `JPEG2000`, `Lossless`, `LZW`, `RLE` or `Zip`.

To print a complete list of compression types, use -list compress.

Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file.

If `LZW` compression is specified but LZW compression has not been enabled, the image data is written in an uncompressed LZW format that can be read by LZW decoders. This may result in larger-than-expected GIF files.

`Lossless` refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if the JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless JPEG is generally not recommended.

When writing an ICO file, you may request that the images be encoded in PNG format, by specifying `Zip` compression.

When writing a JNG file, specify `Zip` compression to request that the alpha channel be encoded in PNG "IDAT" format, or `JPEG` to request that it be encoded in JPG "JDAA" format.

Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders for down-sampling the chroma channels.

## -connected-components connectivity

connected-components labeling detects connected regions in an image, choose from 4 or 8 way connectivity.

Use `-define connected-components:verbose=true` to output statistics associated with each unique label.

## -contrast

Enhance or reduce the image contrast.

This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option:

`convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png`

## -contrast-stretch black-point
-contrast-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}

Increase the contrast in an image by stretching the range of intensity values.

While performing the stretch, black-out at most black-point pixels and white-out at most white-point pixels. Or, if percent is used, black-out at most black-point % pixels and white-out at most white-point % pixels.

Prior to ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, -contrast-stretch will black-out at most black-point pixels and white-out at most total pixels minus white-point pixels. Or, if percent is used, black-out at most black-point % pixels and white-out at most 100% minus white-point % pixels.

Note that `-contrast-stretch 0` will modify the image such that the image's min and max values are stretched to 0 and QuantumRange, respectively, without any loss of data due to burn-out or clipping at either end. This is not the same as -normalize, which is equivalent to `-contrast-stretch 0.15x0.05%` (or prior to ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, `-contrast-stretch 2%x99%`).

Internally operator works by creating a histogram bin, and then uses that bin to modify the image. As such some colors may be merged together when they originally fell into the same 'bin'.

All the channels are normalized in concert by the same amount so as to preserve color integrity, when the default +channel setting is in use. Specifying any other -channel setting will normalize the RGB channels independently.

See also -auto-level for a 'perfect' normalization of mathematical images.

This operator is under review for re-development.

## -convolve kernel

Convolve an image with a user-supplied convolution kernel.

The kernel is a matrix specified as a comma-separated list of integers (with no spaces), ordered left-to right, starting with the top row. Presently, only odd-dimensioned kernels are supported, and therefore the number of entries in the specified kernel must be 32=9, 52=25, 72=49, etc.

Note that the -convolve operator supports the -bias setting. This option shifts the convolution so that positive and negative results are relative to a user-specified bias value. This is important for non-HDRI compilations of ImageMagick when dealing with convolutions that contain negative as well as positive values. This is especially the case with convolutions involving high pass filters or edge detection. Without an output bias, the negative values is clipped at zero.

When using an ImageMagick with the HDRI compile-time setting, -bias is not needed, as ImageMagick is able to store/handle any negative results without clipping to the color value range (0..QuantumRange). See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages or this Wikipedia entry.

## -copy geometry offset

Copy pixels from one area of an image to another.

## -crop geometry{@}{!}

Cut out one or more rectangular regions of the image.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

The width and height of the geometry argument give the size of the image that remains after cropping, and x and y in the offset (if present) gives the location of the top left corner of the cropped image with respect to the original image. To specify the amount to be removed, use -shave instead.

If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is generated, consisting of the pixels from the cropping region. The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the upper left corner of the image. If the -gravity option is present with `NorthEast`, `East`, or `SouthEast` gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge of the image to the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with `SouthWest`, `South`, or `SouthEast` gravity, the distance is measured upward between the bottom edges.

If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the specified geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated. The rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.

You can add the @ to the geometry argument to equally divide the image into the number of tiles generated.

By adding a exclamation character flag to the geometry argument, the cropped images virtual canvas page size and offset is set as if the geometry argument was a viewport or window. This means the canvas page size is set to exactly the same size you specified, the image offset set relative top left corner of the region cropped.

If the cropped image 'missed' the actual image on its virtual canvas, a special single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, and a 'crop missed' warning given.

It might be necessary to +repage the image prior to cropping the image to ensure the crop coordinate frame is relocated to the upper-left corner of the visible image. Similarly you may want to use +repage after cropping to remove the page offset that will be left behind. This is especially true when you are going to write to an image format such as PNG that supports an image offset.

## -cycle amount

Displace image colormap by amount.

Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry is shifted.

## -debug events

Enable debug printout.

The `events` parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It can be either `None`, `All`, `Trace`, or a comma-separated list consisting of one or more of the following domains: `Accelerate`, `Annotate`, `Blob`, `Cache`, `Coder`, `Configure`, `Deprecate`, `Exception`, `Locale`, `Render`, `Resource`, `Security`, `TemporaryFile`, `Transform`, `X11`, or `User`.

For example, to log cache and blob events, use.

`convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png`

The `User` domain is normally empty, but developers can log user events in their private copy of ImageMagick.

To print the complete list of debug methods, use -list debug.

Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output.

Use +debug to turn off all logging.

Debugging may also be set using the `MAGICK_DEBUG` environment variable. The allowed values for the `MAGICK_DEBUG` environment variable are the same as for the -debug option.

## -decipher filename

Decipher and restore pixels that were previously transformed by -encipher.

Get the passphrase from the file specified by filename.

For more information, see the webpage, ImageMagick: Encipher or Decipher an Image.

## -deconstruct

Find areas that has changed between images

Given a sequence of images all the same size, such as produced by -coalesce, replace the second and later images, with a smaller image of just the area that changed relative to the previous image.

The resulting sequence of images can be used to optimize an animation sequence, though will not work correctly for GIF animations when parts of the animation can go from opaque to transparent.

This option is actually equivalent to the -layers method '`compare-any`'.

## -define key{=value}...

Add specific global settings generally used to control coders and image processing operations.

This option creates one or more definitions for coders and decoders to use while reading and writing image data. Definitions are generally used to control image file format coder modules, and image processing operations, beyond what is provided by normal means. Defined settings are listed in -verbose information ("`info:`" output format) as "Artifacts".

If value is missing for a definition, an empty-valued definition of a flag is created with that name. This used to control on/off options. Use +define key to remove definitions previously created. Use +define "*" to remove all existing definitions.

The same 'artifact' settings can also be defined using the -set "option:key" "value" option, which also allows the use of Format and Print Image Properties in the defined value.

The option and key are case-independent (they are converted to lowercase for use within the decoders) while the value is case-dependent.

Such settings are global in scope, and affect all images and operations.

See ImageMagick Defines for a list of recognized defines. For example:

`convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps`

Set attributes of the image registry by prefixing the value with `registry:`. For example, to set a temporary path to put work files, use:

`-define registry:temporary-path=/data/tmp`

## -delay ticks
-delay ticksxticks-per-second {<} {>}

Display the next image after pausing.

This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences ticks/ticks-per-second seconds must expire before the display of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the image sequence. The default ticks-per-second is 100.

Use `>` to change the image delay only if its current value exceeds the given delay. `<` changes the image delay only if current value is less than the given delay. For example, if you specify `30>` and the image delay is 20, the image delay does not change. However, if the image delay is 40 or 50, the delay it is changed to 30. Enclose the given delay in quotation marks to prevent the `<` or `>` from being interpreted by your shell as a file redirection.

## -delete indexes

Delete the images specified by index, from the image sequence.

Specify the image by its index in the sequence. The first image is index 0. Negative indexes are relative to the end of the sequence, for example, -1 represents the last image of the sequence. Specify a range of images with a dash (e.g. 0-4). Separate indexes with a comma (e.g. 0,2). Use `+delete` to delete the last image in the current image sequence. Use `-delete 0--1` to delete the entire image sequence.

You can also delete images from the persistent registry, e.g., `-delete registry:checkers`

## -density width
-density widthxheight

Set the horizontal and vertical resolution of an image for rendering to devices.

This option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a raster image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading) vector formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a raster image. Image resolution provides the unit of measure to apply when rendering to an output device or raster image. The default unit of measure is in dots per inch (DPI). The -units option may be used to select dots per centimeter instead.

The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent to one point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Computer screens are normally 72 or 96 dots per inch, while printers typically support 150, 300, 600, or 1200 dots per inch. To determine the resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure the width of your screen in inches, and divide by the number of horizontal pixels (1024 on a 1024x768 display).

If the file format supports it, this option may be used to update the stored image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile is not stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.

The -density option sets an attribute and does not alter the underlying raster image. It may be used to adjust the rendered size for desktop publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied to the pixels. To resize the image so that it is the same size at a different resolution, use the -resample option.

## -depth value

Depth of the image.

Color depth is the number of bits per channel for each pixel. For example, for a depth of 16 using RGB, each channel of Red, Green, and Blue can range from 0 to 2^16-1 (65535). Use this option to specify the depth of raw images formats whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change the depth of any image after it has been read.

Use +depth to return depth to its default value.

## -descend

Obtain image by descending window hierarchy.

## -deskew threshold{%}

Straighten an image. A threshold of 40% works for most images.

Use -set `option:deskew:auto-crop true | false` to auto crop the image.

## -despeckle

Reduce the speckles within an image.

## -direction type

Render text right-to-left or left-to-right. Requires the RAQM delegate library and complex text layout.

## -displace horizontal-scale{%}{!}
-displace horizontal-scalexvertical-scale{%}{!}

Shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map.

With this option, the 'overlay' image, and optionally the 'mask' image, is used as a displacement map, which is used to displace the lookup of what part of the 'background' image is seen at each point of the overlaid area. Much like the displacement map is a 'lens' that redirects light shining through it so as to present a distorted view the original 'background' image behind it.

Any perfect grey areas of the displacement map produce a zero displacement of the image. Black areas produce the given maximum negative displacement of the lookup point, while white produce a maximum positive displacement of the lookup.

Note that it is the lookup of the 'background' that is displaced, not a displacement of the image itself. As such an area of the displacement map containing 'white' will have the lookup point 'shifted' by a positive amount, and thus generating a copy of the destination image to the right/downward from the correct position. That is the image will look like it may have been 'shifted' in a negative left/upward direction. Understanding this is a very important in understanding how displacement maps work.

The given arguments define the maximum amount of displacement in pixels that a particular map can produce. If the displacement scale is large enough it is also possible to lookup parts of the 'background' image that lie well outside the bounds of the displacement map itself. That is you could very easily copy a section of the original image from outside the overlay area into the overlay area.

The '%' flag makes the displacement scale relative to the size of the overlay image (100% = half width/height of image). Using '!' switches percentage arguments to refer to the destination image size instead. these flags were added as of IM v6.5.3-5.

Normally a single grayscale displacement map is provided, which with the given scaling values will determine a single direction (vector) in which displacements can occur (positively or negatively). However, if you also specify a third image which is normally used as a mask, the composite image is used for horizontal X displacement, while the mask image is used for vertical Y displacement. This allows you to define completely different displacement values for the X and Y directions, and allowing you to lookup any point within the scale bounds. In other words each pixel can lookup any other nearby pixel, producing complex 2 dimensional displacements, rather than a simple 1 dimensional vector displacements.

Alternatively rather than supplying two separate images, as of IM v6.4.4-0, you can use the 'red' channel of the overlay image to specify the horizontal or X displacement, and the 'green' channel for the vertical or Y displacement.

As of IM v6.5.3-5 any alpha channel in the overlay image is used as a mask the transparency of the destination image. However areas outside the overlaid areas will not be affected.

## -display host:display[.screen]

Specifies the X server to contact.

This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font from this X server. See X(1).

## -dispose method

Define the GIF disposal image setting for images that are being created or read in.

The layer disposal method defines the way each the displayed image is to be modified after the current 'frame' of an animation has finished being displayed (after its 'delay' period), but before the next frame on an animation is to be overlaid onto the display.

Here are the valid methods:

Undefined
  0: No disposal specified (equivalent to '`none`').
None
  1: Do not dispose, just overlay next frame image.
Background
  2: Clear the frame area with the background color.
Previous
  3: Clear to the image prior to this frames overlay.

You can also use the numbers given above, which is what the GIF format uses internally to represent the above settings.

To print a complete list of dispose methods, use -list dispose.

Use +dispose, turn off the setting and prevent resetting the layer disposal methods of images being read in.

Use -set '`dispose`' method to set the image disposal method for images already in memory.

## -dissimilarity-threshold value

Maximum RMSE for subimage match (default 0.2).

## -dissolve src_percent[xdst_percent]

Dissolve an image into another by the given percent.

The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent, then it is composited 'over' the main image. If src_percent is greater than 100, start dissolving the main image so it becomes transparent at a value of '`200`'. If both percentages are given, each image are dissolved to the percentages given.

Note that dissolve percentages do not add, two opaque images dissolved '50,50', produce a 75% transparency. For a 50% + 50% blending of the two images, you would need to use dissolve values of '50,100'.

## -distort method arguments

Distort an image, using the given method and its required arguments.

The arguments is a single string containing a list of floating point numbers separated by commas or spaces. The number of and meaning of the floating point values depends on the distortion method being used.

Choose from these distortion types:

Method | Description
--- | ---

ScaleRotateTranslate
SRT

Distort image by first scaling and rotating about a given 'center', before translating that 'center' to the new location, in that order. It is an alternative method of specifying a 'Affine' type of distortion, but without shearing effects. It also provides a good way of rotating and displacing a smaller image for tiling onto a larger background (IE 2-dimensional animations).
The number of arguments determine the specific meaning of each argument for the scales, rotation, and translation operations.

2:
  Scale Angle
3:
  X,Y Angle
4:
  X,Y Scale Angle
5:
  X,Y ScaleX,ScaleY Angle
6:
  X,Y Scale Angle NewX,NewY
7:
  X,Y ScaleX,ScaleY Angle NewX,NewY

This is actually an alternative way of specifying a 2 dimensional linear 'Affine' or 'AffineProjection' distortion.

Affine

Distort the image linearly by moving a list of at least 3 or more sets of control points (as defined below). Ideally 3 sets or 12 floating point values are given allowing the image to be linearly scaled, rotated, sheared, and translated, according to those three points. See also the related 'AffineProjection' and 'SRT' distortions.
More than 3 sets given control point pairs (12 numbers) is least squares fitted to best match a linear affine distortion. If only 2 control point pairs (8 numbers) are given a two point image translation rotation and scaling is performed, without any possible shearing, flipping or changes in aspect ratio to the resulting image. If only one control point pair is provides the image is only translated, (which may be a floating point non-integer translation).
This distortion does not include any form of perspective distortion.

RigidAffine | A rigid affine (also known as a Euclidean transform), is similar to Affine but restricts the distortion to 4 arguments (S, R, Tx, Ty) with Sy = Sx and Ry = -Rx so that the distortion only has scale, rotation and translation. No skew. A minimum of two control point pairs is required.

AffineProjection

Linearly distort an image using the given Affine Matrix of 6 pre-calculated coefficients forming a set of Affine Equations to map the source image to the destination image.

sx, rx, ry, sy, tx, ty

See -affine setting for more detail, and meanings of these coefficients.
The distortions 'Affine' and 'SRT' provide alternative methods of defining this distortion, with ImageMagick doing the calculations needed to generate the required coefficients. You can see the internally generated coefficients, by using a -verbose setting with those other variants.

BilinearForward
BilinearReverse

Bilinear Distortion, given a minimum of 4 sets of coordinate pairs, or 16 values (see below). Not that lines may not appear straight after distortion, though the distance between coordinates will remain consistent.
The 'BilinearForward' is used to map rectangles to any quadrilateral, while the 'BilinearReverse' form maps any quadrilateral to a rectangle, while preserving the straight line edges in each case.
Note that 'BilinearForward' can generate invalid pixels which will be colored using the -mattecolor color setting. Also if the quadrilateral becomes 'flipped' the image may disappear.
There are future plans to produce a true Bilinear distortion that will attempt to map any quadrilateral to any other quadrilateral, while preserving edges (and edge distance ratios).

Perspective

Perspective distort the images, using a list of 4 or more sets of control points (as defined below). More that 4 sets (16 numbers) of control points provide least squares fitting for more accurate distortions (for the purposes of image registration and panorama effects). Less than 4 sets will fall back to a 'Affine' linear distortion.
Perspective Distorted images ensures that straight lines remain straight, but the scale of the distorted image will vary. The horizon is anti-aliased, and the 'sky' color may be set using the -mattecolor setting.

PerspectiveProjection | Do a 'Perspective' distortion biased on a set of 8 pre-calculated coefficients. You can get these coefficients by looking at the -verbose output of a 'Perspective' distortion, or by calculating them yourself. If the last two perspective scaling coefficients are zero, the remaining 6 represents a transposed 'Affine Matrix'.
Polynomial | Do an Nth order 2D 'Polynomial' distortion using a set of corresponding control points. The order of the polynomial dictates the minimum number of control points needed. Order 1 is the same as -distort Affine. Order 1.5 is the same as -distort BilinearReverse. Typical use is for a 2nd order distortion. There is no +distort polynomial.

Arc

Arc the image (variation of polar mapping) over the angle given around a circle.

arc_angle
  The angle over which to arc the image side-to-side
rotate_angle
  Angle to rotate resulting image from vertical center
top_radius
  Set top edge of source image at this radius
bottom_radius
  Set bottom edge to this radius (radial scaling)

The resulting image is always resized to best fit the resulting image, (as if using +distort) while attempting to preserve scale and aspect ratio of the original image as much as possible with the arguments given by the user. All four arguments will be needed to change the overall aspect ratio of an 'Arc'ed image.
This a variation of a polar distortion designed to try to preserve the aspect ratio of the image rather than direct Cartesian to Polar conversion.

Polar

Like 'Arc' but do a complete Cartesian to Polar mapping of the image. that is the height of the input image is mapped to the radius limits, while the width is wrapped around between the angle limits.
Arguments: Rmax,Rmin CenterX,CenterY, start,end_angle
All arguments are optional. With Rmin defaulting to zero, the center to the center of the image, and the angles going from -180 (top) to +180 (top). If Rmax is given the special value of '0', the distance from the center to the nearest edge is used for the radius of the output image, which will ensure the whole image is visible (though scaled smaller). However a special value of '-1' will use the distance from the center to the furthest corner, This may 'clip' the corners from the input rectangular image, but will generate the exact reverse of a 'DePolar' with the same arguments.
If the plus form of distort (+distort) is used output image center will default to 0,0 of the virtual canvas, and the image size adjusted to ensure the whole input image is made visible in the output image on the virtual canvas.

DePolar

Uses the same arguments and meanings as a 'Polar' distortion but generates the reverse Polar to Cartesian distortion.
The special Rmax setting of '0' may however clip the corners of the input image. However using the special Rmax setting of '-1' (maximum center to corner distance) will ensure the whole distorted image is preserved in the generated result, so that the same argument to 'Polar' will reverse the distortion re-producing the original. Note that as this distortion requires the area resampling of a circular arc, which can not be handled by the builtin EWA resampling function. As such the normal EWA filters are turned off. It is recommended some form of 'super-sampling' image processing technique be used to produce a high quality result.

Barrel

Given the four coefficients (A,B,C,D) as defined by Helmut Dersch, perform a barrel or pin-cushion distortion appropriate to correct radial lens distortions. That is in photographs, make straight lines straight again.

Arguments: A B C [ D [ X , Y ] ]
or Ax Bx Cx Dx Ay By Cy Dy [ X , Y ]

So that it forms the function

Rsrc = r * ( A*r3 + B*r2 + C*r + D )

Where X,Y is the optional center of the distortion (defaulting to the center of the image).
The second form is typically used to distort images, rather than correct lens distortions.

BarrelInverse | This is very similar to 'Barrel' with the same set of arguments, and argument handling. However it uses the inverse of the radial polynomial, so that it forms the function Rsrc = r / ( A*r3 + B*r2 + C*r + D ) Note that this is not the reverse of the 'Barrel' distortion, just a different barrel-like radial distortion method.

Shepards

Distort the given list control points (any number) using an Inverse Squared Distance Interpolation Method (Shepards Method). The control points in effect do 'localized' displacement of the image around the given control point (preserving the look and the rotation of the area near the control points. For best results extra control points should be added to 'lock' the positions of the corners, edges and other unchanging parts of the image, to prevent their movement.
The distortion has been likened to 'taffy pulling' using nails, or pins' stuck in a block of 'jelly' which is then moved to the new position, distorting the surface of the jelly.
Internally it is equivalent to generating a displacement map (see -displace) for source image color look-up using the -sparse-color method of the same name.

To print a complete list of distortion methods, use -list distort.

Many of the above distortion methods such as '`Affine`', '`Perspective`', and '`Shepards`' use a list control points defining how these points in the given image should be distorted in the destination image. Each set of four floating point values represent a source image coordinate, followed immediately by the destination image coordinate. This produces a list of values such as...

U1,V1 X1,Y1 U2,V2 X2,Y2 U3,V3 X3,Y3 ... Un,Vn Xn,Yn

where U,V on the source image is mapped to X,Y on the destination image.

For example, to warp an image using '`perspective`' distortion, needs a list of at least 4 sets of coordinates, or 16 numbers. Here is the perspective distortion of the built-in "rose:" image. Note how spaces were used to group the 4 sets of coordinate pairs, to make it easier to read and understand.

`convert rose: -virtual-pixel black \ -distort Perspective '0,0,0,0 0,45,0,45 69,0,60,10 69,45,60,35' \ rose_3d_rotated.gif"`

If more that the required number of coordinate pairs are given for a distortion, the distortion method is 'least squares' fitted to produce the best result for all the coordinate pairs given. If less than the ideal number of points are given, the distort will generally fall back to a simpler form of distortion that can handles the smaller number of coordinates (usually a linear '`Affine`' distortion).

By using more coordinates you can make use of image registration tool to find matching coordinate pairs in overlapping images, so as to improve the 'fit' of the distortion. Of course a bad coordinate pair can also make the 'fit' worse. Caution is always advised.

Colors are acquired from the source image according to a cylindrical resampling -filter, using a special technique known as EWA resampling. This produces very high quality results, especially when images become smaller (minified) in the output, which is very common when using '`perspective`' distortion. For example here we view a infinitely tiled 'plane' all the way to the horizon.

`convert -size 90x90 pattern:checkerboard -normalize -virtual-pixel tile \ -distort perspective '0,0,5,45 89,0,45,46 0,89,0,89 89,89,89,89' \ checks_tiled.jpg`

Note that a infinitely tiled perspective images involving the horizon can be very slow, because of the number of pixels that are compressed to generate each individual pixel close to the 'horizon'. You can turn off EWA resampling, by specifying the special -filter setting of '`point`' (recommended if you plan to use super-sampling instead).

If an image generates invalid pixels, such as the 'sky' in the last example, -distort will use the current -mattecolor setting for these pixels. If you do not what these pixels to be visible, set the color to match the rest of the ground.

The output image size will by default be the same as the input image. This means that if the part of the distorted image falls outside the viewed area of the 'distorted space', those parts is clipped and lost. However if you use the plus form of the operator (+distort) the operator will attempt (if possible) to show the whole of the distorted image, while retaining a correct 'virtual canvas' offset, for image layering. This offset may need to be removed using +repage, to remove if it is unwanted.

Setting -verbose setting, will cause -distort to attempt to output the internal coefficients, and the -fx equivalent to the distortion, for expert study, and debugging purposes. This many not be available for all distorts.

You can alternatively specify a special "`-define distort:viewport={geometry_string}`" setting which will specify the size and the offset of the generated 'viewport' image of the distorted image space.

Setting a "`-define distort:scale=scale_factor`" will scale the output image (viewport or otherwise) by that factor without changing the viewed contents of the distorted image. This can be used either for 'super-sampling' the image for a higher quality result, or for panning and zooming around the image (with appropriate viewport changes, or post-distort cropping and resizing).

Setting "`-define resample:verbose=1`" will output the cylindrical filter lookup table created by the EWA (Elliptical Weighted Average) resampling algorithm. Note this table uses a squared radius lookup value. This is typically only used for debugging EWA resampling.

## -distribute-cache port

Launch a distributed pixel cache server.

## -dither method

Apply a Riemersma or Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion dither to images when general color reduction is applied via an option, or automagically when saving to specific formats. This enabled by default.

Dithering places two or more colors in neighboring pixels so that to the eye a closer approximation of the images original color is reproduced. This reduces the number of colors needed to reproduce the image but at the cost of a lower level pattern of colors. Error diffusion dithers can use any set of colors (generated or user defined) to an image.

Dithering is turned on by default, to turn it off use the plus form of the setting, +dither. This will also render PostScript without text or graphic aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not always) leads to faster process, a smaller number of colors, but more cartoon like image coloring. Generally resulting in 'color banding' effects in areas with color gradients.

The color reduction operators -colors, -monochrome, -remap, and -posterize, apply dithering to images using the reduced color set they created. These operators are also used as part of automatic color reduction when saving images to formats with limited color support, such as `GIF:`, `XBM:`, and others, so dithering may also be used in these cases.

Alternatively you can use -random-threshold to generate purely random dither. Or use -ordered-dither to apply threshold mapped dither patterns, using uniform color maps, rather than specific color maps.

Use "`-define dither:diffusion-amount=35%`, for example, to control the amount of Floyd-Steinberg dither.

## -draw string

Annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.

Use this option to annotate or decorate an image with one or more graphic primitives. The primitives include shapes, text, transformations, and pixel operations.

The shape primitives:

point
  x,y
line
  x0,y0 x1,y1
rectangle
  x0,y0 x1,y1
roundRectangle
  x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
arc
  x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
ellipse
  x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
circle
  x0,y0 x1,y1
polyline
  x0,y0 ... xn,yn
polygon
  x0,y0 ... xn,yn
bezier
  x0,y0 ... xn,yn
path
  specification
image
  operator x0,y0 w,h filename

The text primitive:

text
  x0,y0 string

The text gravity primitive:

gravity
  NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast

The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and does not interact with the other primitives. It is equivalent to using the -gravity command-line option, except that it is limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.

The transformation primitives:

rotate
  degrees
translate
  dx,dy
scale
  sx,sy
skewX
  degrees
skewY
  degrees

The pixel operation primitives:

color
  x0,y0 method
matte
  x0,y0 method

The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified by the preceding -fill setting. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none. You can optionally control the stroke (the "outline" of a shape) with the -stroke and -strokewidth settings.

A `point` primitive is specified by a single point in the pixel plane, that is, by an ordered pair of integer coordinates, x,y. (As it involves only a single pixel, a `point` primitive is not affected by -stroke or -strokewidth.)

A `line` primitive requires a start point and end point.

A `rectangle` primitive is specified by the pair of points at the upper left and lower right corners.

A `roundRectangle` primitive takes the same corner points as a `rectangle` followed by the width and height of the rounded corners to be removed.

The `circle` primitive makes a disk (filled) or circle (unfilled). Give the center and any point on the perimeter (boundary). Note, by using a translation, you can remove the need to calculate the circles edge coordinate, but can just give the radius directly:

    magick -size 100x60 xc: -stroke SeaGreen  -fill PaleGreen -strokewidth 2 -draw 'translate 50,30 circle 0,0 25,0' circle.gif

The `arc` primitive is used to inscribe an elliptical segment in to a given rectangle. An `arc` requires the two corners used for `rectangle` (see above) followed by the start and end angles of the arc of the segment (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). The start and end points produced are then joined with a line segment and the resulting segment of an ellipse is filled.

Use `ellipse` to draw a partial (or whole) ellipse. Give the center point, the horizontal and vertical "radii" (the semi-axes of the ellipse) and start and end angles in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360).

The `polyline` and `polygon` primitives require three or more points to define their perimeters. A `polyline` is simply a `polygon` in which the final point is not stroked to the start point. When unfilled, this is a polygonal line. If the -stroke setting is `none` (the default), then a `polyline` is identical to a `polygon`.

A coordinate is a pair of integers separated by a space or optional comma.

As an example, to define a circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:

`-draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'`

The `Bezier` primitive creates a spline curve and requires three or points to define its shape. The first and last points are the knots and these points are attained by the curve, while any intermediate coordinates are control points. If two control points are specified, the line between each end knot and its sequentially respective control point determines the tangent direction of the curve at that end. If one control point is specified, the lines from the end knots to the one control point determines the tangent directions of the curve at each end. If more than two control points are specified, then the additional control points act in combination to determine the intermediate shape of the curve. In order to draw complex curves, it is highly recommended either to use the `path` primitive or to draw multiple four-point bezier segments with the start and end knots of each successive segment repeated. For example:

`-draw 'bezier 20,50 45,100 45,0 70,50' -draw 'bezier 70,50 95,100 95,0 120,50'`

A `path` represents an outline of an object, defined in terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a Bezier curve), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as donut holes in objects. (See Paths.)

Use `image` to composite an image with another image. Follow the image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size, and filename:

`-draw 'image SrcOver 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'`

You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it is scaled to the given dimensions. See Alpha Compositing for a detailed discussion of alpha composition methods that are available.

The "special augmented compose operators" such as "dissolve" that require arguments cannot be used at present with the `-draw image` option.

Use `text` to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in single or double quotes.

For example, the following annotates the image with `Works like magick!` for an image titled `bird.miff`.

`-draw "text 100,100 'Works like magick!'"`

See the -annotate option for another convenient way to annotate an image with text.

The `rotate` primitive rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about the origin of the main image.:/p>

`-draw "rotate 45 text 10,10 'Works like magick!'"`

The `translate` primitive translates subsequent shape and text primitives.

The `scale` primitive scales them.

The `skewX` and `skewY` primitives skew them with respect to the origin of the main image or the region.

The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine option. Transformations are cumulative within the -draw option. The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed by the appearance of another -affine option. If another -draw option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from the initial affine matrix.

Use the `color` primitive to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see -fill). Follow the pixel coordinate with a method:

`point replace floodfill filltoborder reset`

Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The `point` method recolors the target pixel. The `replace` method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. `Floodfill` recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas `filltoborder` recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, `reset` recolors all pixels.

Use `matte` to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the `color` primitive for a description of methods). The `point` method changes the matte value of the target pixel. The `replace` method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. `Floodfill` changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas `filltoborder` changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally `reset` changes the matte value of all pixels.

You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options are processed in command line order so be sure to use these options before the -draw option.

Strings that begin with a number must be quoted (e.g. use '1.png' rather than 1.png).

Drawing primitives conform to the Magick Vector Graphics format.

Note, drawing requires an alpha channel. If none is available, an all opaque alpha channel is implicitedly created.

## -duplicate count,indexes

Duplicate an image one or more times.

Specify the count and the image to duplicate by its index in the sequence. The first image is index 0. Negative indexes are relative to the end of the sequence, for example, -1 represents the last image of the sequence. Specify a range of images with a dash (e.g. 0-4). Separate indexes with a comma (e.g. 0,2). Use `+duplicate` to duplicate the last image in the current image sequence.

## -edge radius

Detect edges within an image.

## -emboss radius{xsigma

Emboss an image.

## -encipher filename

Encipher pixels for later deciphering by -decipher.

Get the passphrase from the file specified by filename.

For more information, see the webpage, ImageMagick: Encipher or Decipher an Image.

## -encoding type

Specify the text encoding.

Choose from

`AdobeCustom AdobeExpert AdobeStandard AppleRoman BIG5 GB2312 Latin 2 None SJIScode Symbol Unicode Wansung`

## -endian type

Specify endianness (`MSB` or `LSB`) of the image.

To print a complete list of endian types, use the -list endian option.

Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.

## -enhance

Apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

## -equalize

Perform histogram equalization on the image channel-by-channel.

To perform histogram equalization on all channels in concert, transform the image into some other color space, such as HSL, OHTA, YIQ or YUV, then equalize the appropriate intensity-like channel, then convert back to RGB.

For example using HSL, we have: ... `-colorspace HSL -channel lightness -equalize -colorspace sRGB` ...

For YIQ, YUV and OHTA use the red channel. For example, OHTA is a principal components transformation that puts most of the information in the first channel. Here we have ... `-colorspace OHTA -channel red -equalize -colorspace sRGB` ...

## -evaluate operator value

Alter channel pixels by evaluating an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression.

(See the -function operator for some multi-parameter functions. See the -fx operator if more elaborate calculations are needed.)

The behaviors of each operator are summarized in the following list. For brevity, the numerical value of a "pixel" referred to below is the value of the corresponding channel of that pixel, while a "normalized pixel" is that number divided by the maximum (installation-dependent) value QuantumRange. (If normalized pixels are used, they are restored, following the other calculations, to the full range by multiplying by QuantumRange.)

operator | Summary (see further below for details)
--- | ---
Abs | Add value to pixels and return absolute value.
Add | Add value to pixels.
AddModulus | Add value to pixels modulo QuantumRange.
And | Binary AND of pixels with value.
Cos, Cosine | Apply cosine to pixels with frequency value with 50% bias added.
Divide | Divide pixels by value.
Exp | base-e exponential function
Exponential | base-e exponential function
InverseLog | Apply inverse scaled logarithm to normalized pixels.
LeftShift | Shift the pixel values left by value bits (i.e., multiply pixels by 2value).
Log | Apply scaled logarithm to normalized pixels.
Max | Set pixels to maximum of value and current pixel value (i.e. set any pixels currently less than value to value).
Mean | Add the value and divide by 2.
Median | Choose the median value from an image sequence.
Min | Set pixels to minimum of value and current pixel value (i.e. set any pixels currently greater than value to value).
Multiply | Multiply pixels by value.
Or | Binary OR of pixels with value.
Pow | Raise normalized pixels to the power value.
RightShift | Shift the pixel values right by value bits (i.e., divide pixels by 2value).
RMS | Square the pixel and add the value.
RootMeanSquare | Square the pixel and add the value.
Set | Set pixel equal to value.
Sin, Sine | Apply sine to pixels with frequency value with 50% bias added.
Subtract | Subtract value from pixels.
Xor | Binary XOR of pixels with value.
Gaussian-noise |
Impulse-noise |
Laplacian-noise |
Multiplicative-noise | (These are equivalent to the corresponding -noise operators.)
PoissonNoise |
Uniform-noise |
Threshold | Threshold pixels larger than value.
ThresholdBlack | Threshold pixels to zero values equal to or below value.
ThresholdWhite | Threshold pixels to maximum values above value.

The specified functions are applied only to each previously set -channel in the image. If necessary, the results of the calculations are truncated (clipped) to fit in the interval [0, QuantumRange]. The transparency channel of the image is represented as a 'alpha' values (0 = fully transparent), so, for example, a `Divide` by 2 of the alpha channel will make the image semi-transparent. Append the percent symbol '`%`' to specify a value as a percentage of the QuantumRange.

To print a complete list of -evaluate operators, use -list evaluate.

The results of the `Add`, `Subtract` and `Multiply` methods can also be achieved using either the -level or the +level operator, with appropriate argument, to linearly modify the overall range of color values. Please note, however, that -level treats transparency as 'matte' values (0 = opaque), while -evaluate works with 'alpha' values.

`AddModulus` has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.8-4 and provides addition modulo the QuantumRange. It is therefore equivalent to `Add` unless the resulting pixel value is outside the interval [0, QuantumRange].

`Exp or Exponential` has been added as of ImageMagick 6.6.5-1 and works on normalized pixel values. The value used with `Exp` should be negative so as to produce a decaying exponential function. Non-negative values will always produce results larger unity and thus outside the interval [0, QuantumRange]. The formula is expressed below.

exp(value × u)

If the input image is squared, for example, using -function polynomial "2 0 0", then a decaying Gaussian function will be the result.

`Log` has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.2-1 and works on normalized pixel values. This a scaled log function. The value used with `Log` provides a scaling factor that adjusts the curvature in the graph of the log function. The formula applied to a normalized value u is below.

log(value × u + 1) / log(value + 1)

`Pow` has been added as of ImageMagick 6.4.1-9, and works on normalized pixel values. Note that `Pow` is related to the -gamma operator. For example, -gamma 2 is equivalent to -evaluate pow 0.5, i.e., a 'square root' function. The value used with -gamma is simply the reciprocal of the value used with `Pow`.

`Cosine` and `Sine` was added as of IM v6.4.8-8 and converts the image values into a value according to a (co)sine wave function. The synonyms `Cos` and `Sin` may also be used. The output is biased 50% and normalized by 50% so as to fit in the respective color value range. The value scaling of the period of the function (its frequency), and thus determines the number of 'waves' that will be generated over the input color range. For example, if the value is 1, the effective period is simply the QuantumRange; but if the value is 2, then the effective period is the half the QuantumRange.

0.5 + 0.5 × cos(2 π u × value).

See also the -function operator, which is a multi-value version of evaluate.

## -evaluate-sequence operator

Alter channel pixels by evaluating an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression over a sequence of images. Ensure all the images in the sequence are in the same colorspace, otherwise you may get unexpected results, e.g. add -colorspace sRGB to your command-line.

To print a complete list of -evaluate-sequence operators, use -list evaluate.

## -extent geometry

Set the image size and offset.

If the image is enlarged, unfilled areas are set to the background color. To position the image, use offsets in the geometry specification or precede with a -gravity setting. To specify how to compose the image with the background, use -compose.

This command reduces or expands a JPEG image to fit on an 800x600 display. If the aspect ratio of the input image isn't exactly 4:3, then the image is centered on an 800x600 black canvas:

`convert input.jpg -resize 800x600 -background black -compose Copy \ -gravity center -extent 800x600 -quality 92 output.jpg`

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -extract geometry

Extract the specified area from image.

This option is most useful for extracting a subregion of a very large raw image. Note that these two commands are equivalent:

`convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -extract 640x480+1280+960 \ image.rgb image.png", convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 'image.rgb[640x480+1280+960]' \ image.rgb image.png"`

If you omit the offsets, as in

`convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -extract 640x480 \ image.rgb image.png`

the image is resized to the specified dimensions instead, equivalent to:

`convert -size 16000x16000 -depth 8 -resize 640x480 image.rgb image.png`

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -family fontFamily

Set a font family for text.

This setting suggests a font family that ImageMagick should try to use for rendering text. If the family can be found it is used; if not, a default font (e.g., "Arial") or a family known to be similar is substituted (e.g., "Courier" might be used if "System" is requested but not found). Note, the family can be a CSS-style font list.

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options ￼-font, ￼-pointsize, ￼-stretch, ￼-style, ￼and -weight.

## -features distance

Display (co-occurrence matrix) texture measure features for each channel in the image in each of four directions (horizontal, vertical, left and right diagonals) for the specified distance.

`Angular Second Moment Sum Entropy Contrast Entropy Correlation Difference Variance Sum of Squares Variance Difference Entropy Inverse Difference Moment Information Measure of Correlation 1 Sum Average Information Measure of Correlation 2 Sum Variance Maximum Correlation Coefficient`

## -fft

Implements the forward discrete Fourier transform (DFT).

This option is new as of ImageMagick 6.5.4-3 (and now working for Windows users in ImageMagick 6.6.0-9). It transforms an image from the normal (spatial) domain to the frequency domain. In the frequency domain, an image is represented as a superposition of complex sinusoidal waves of varying amplitudes. The image x and y coordinates are the possible frequencies along the x and y directions, respectively, and the pixel intensity values are complex numbers that correspond to the sinusoidal wave amplitudes. See for example, Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform.

A single image name is provided as output for this option. However, the output result will have two components. It is either a two-frame image or two separate images, depending upon whether the image format specified supports multi-frame images. The reason that we get a dual output result is because the frequency domain represents an image using complex numbers, which cannot be visualized directly. Therefore, the complex values are automagically separated into a two-component image representation. The first component is the magnitude of the complex number and the second is the phase of the complex number. See for example, Complex Numbers.

The magnitude and phase component images must be specified using image formats that do not limit the color or compress the image. Thus, MIFF, TIF, PFM, EXR and PNG are the recommended image formats to use. All of these formats, except PNG support multi-frame images. So for example,

`convert image.png -fft fft_image.miff`

generates a magnitude image as `fft_image.miff[0]` and a phase image as `fft_image.miff[1]`. Similarly,

`convert image.png -fft fft_image.png`

generates a magnitude image as `fft_image-0.png` and a phase image as `fft_image-1.png`. If you prefer this representation, then you can force any of the other formats to produce two output images by including +adjoin following -fft in the command line.

The input image can be any size, but if not square and even-dimensioned, it is padded automagically to the larger of the width or height of the input image and to an even number of pixels. The padding will occur at the bottom and/or right sides of the input image. The resulting output magnitude and phase images is square at this size. The kind of padding relies on the -virtual-pixel setting.

Both output components will have dynamic ranges that fit within [0, QuantumRange], so that HDRI need not be enabled. Phase values nominally range from 0 to 2*π, but is scaled to span the full dynamic range. (The first few releases had non-HDRI scaled but HDRI not scaled). The magnitude image is not scaled and thus generally will contain very small values. As such, the image normally will appear totally black. In order to view any detail, the magnitude image typically is enhanced with a log function into what is usually called the spectrum. A log function is used to enhance the darker values more in comparison to the lighter values. This can be done, for example, as follows:

`convert fft_image.miff[0] -contrast-stretch 0 \ -evaluate log 1000 fft_image_spectrum.png"`

where either -contrast-stretch 0 or -auto-level is used to scale the image to full dynamic range, first. The argument to the -evaluate log typically is specified between 100 and 10,000, depending upon the amount of detail that one wants to bring out in the spectrum. Larger values produce more visible detail. Too much detail, however, may hide the important features.

The FFTW delegate library is required to use -fft.

Use +fft to produce two output images that are the real and imaginary components of the complex valued Fourier transform.

However, as the real and imaginary components can contain negative values, this requires that IM be configured with HDRI enabled. In this case, you must use either MIFF, TIF, PFM or MPC formats for the real and imaginary component results, since they are formats that preserve both negative and fractional values without clipping them or truncating the fractional part. With either MIFF or TIF, one should add `-define quantum:format=32`, to allow those image types to work properly in HDRI mode without clipping.

The real and imaginary component images resulting from +fft are also square, even dimensioned images due to the same padding that was discussed above for the magnitude and phase component images.

See the discussion on HDRI implementations of ImageMagick on the page High Dynamic-Range Images. For more about HDRI go the ImageMagick Usage pages, Fred's Fourier Processing With ImageMagick page or this Wikipedia entry.

By default the FFT is normalized (and the IFT is not). Use "`-define fourier:normalize=forward` to explicitly normalize the FFT and unnormalize the IFT.

## -fill color

Color to use when filling a graphic primitive.

This option accepts a color name, a hex color, or a numerical RGB, RGBA, HSL, HSLA, CMYK, or CMYKA specification. See Color Names for a description of how to properly specify the color argument.

Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent the "#" or the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.

For example,

`-fill blue -fill "#ddddff" -fill "rgb(255,255,255)"`

See -draw for further details.

To print a complete list of color names, use the -list color option.

## -filter type

Use this type of filter when resizing or distorting an image.

Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image during operations such as -resize and -distort. For example you can use a simple resize filter such as:

`Point Hermite Cubic Box Gaussian Catrom Triangle Quadratic Mitchell CubicSpline`

Use `-define filter:lobes={2,3,4}` to specify the support size for filtering for the `CubicSpline` filter.

The `Bessel` and `Sinc` filter is also provided (as well as a faster `SincFast` equivalent form). However these filters are generally useless on their own as they are infinite filters that are being clipped to the filters support size. Their direct use is not recommended except via expert settings (see below).

Instead these special filter functions are typically windowed by a windowing function that the -filter setting defines. That is using these functions will define a 'Windowed' filter, appropriate to the operator involved. Windowed filters include:

`Lanczos Hamming Parzen Blackman Kaiser Welsh Hanning Bartlett Bohman`

Also one special self-windowing filter is also provided `Lagrange`, which will automagically re-adjust its function depending on the current 'support' or 'lobes' expert settings (see below).

If you do not select a filter with this option, the filter defaults to `Mitchell` for a colormapped image, an image with a matte channel, or if the image is enlarged. Otherwise the filter default to `Lanczos`.

To print a complete list of resize filters, use the -list filter option.

You can modify how the filter behaves as it scales your image through the use of these expert settings (see also -define and -set):-

-define filter:blur=factor | Scale the X axis of the filter (and its window). Use > 1.0 for blurry or < 1.0 for sharp. This should only be used with Gaussian and Gaussian-like filters simple filters, or you may not get the expected results.

-define filter:support=radius

Set the filter support radius. Defines how large the filter should be and thus directly defines how slow the filtered resampling process is. All filters have a default 'preferred' support size. Some filters like `Lagrange` and windowed filters adjust themselves depending on this value. With simple filters this value either does nothing (but slow the resampling), or will clip the filter function in a detrimental way.

-define filter:lobes=count | Set the number of lobes to use for the Sinc/Bessel filter. This an alternative way of specifying the 'support' range of the filter, that is designed to be more suited to windowed filters, especially when used for image distorts.

-define filter:sigma=value

The 'sigma' value used to define the `Gaussian` filter. Default sigma value is '`0.5`'. It only affects `Gaussian` but does not shrink (but may enlarge) the filter's 'support'. It can be used to generate very small blurs but without the filter 'missing' pixels due to using a small support setting. A larger value of '`0.707`' (a value of '1/sqrt(2)') is another common setting.

-define filter:b=b-spline_factor
-define filter:c=keys_alpha_factor | Redefine the values used for cubic filters such as `Cubic`, `Catrom`, `Mitchel`, and `Hermite`, as well as the `Parzen` cubic windowing function. If only one of the values are defined, the other is set so as to generate a 'Cubic-Keys' filter. The values meaning was defined by a research paper by Mitchell-Netravali.

-define filter:kaiser-beta=value

The 'alpha' value used to as part of the Kaiser Windowing function. Default value is '6.5'. It only affects Kaiser windowing function, and does not affect any other attributes. Before ImageMagick v6.7.6-10, this option was known as "filter:alpha", (an inheritance from the very old "zoom" program). It was changed to bring the function in line with more modern academic research usage, and better assign it be more definitive.

-define filter:kaiser-alpha=value | This value when multiplied by 'PI' is equivalent to "kaiser-beta", and will override that setting. It only affects Kaiser windowing function, and does not affect any other attributes.

-define filter:filter=filter_function

Use this function directly as the weighting filter. This will allow you to directly use a windowing function such as `Blackman`, as a resampling filter, rather than as its normal usage as a windowing function. If defined, no windowing function also defined, the window function is set to `Box`). Directly specifying `Sinc` or `Jinc` as a filter will also do this.

-define filter:window=filter_function

The IIR (infinite impulse response) filters `Sinc` and `Jinc` are windowed (brought down to zero over the defined support range) with the given filter. This allows you to specify a filter function to be used as a windowing function for these IIR filters. Many of the defined filters are actually windowing functions for these IIR filters. A typical choices is `Box`, (which effectively turns off the windowing function).

-define filter:win-support=radius | Scale windowing function to this size instead. This causes the windowing (or self-windowing Lagrange filter) to act is if the support window is larger than what is actually supplied to the calling operator. The filter however is still clipped to the real support size given. If unset this will equal the normal filter support size.

-define filter:verbose=1

This causes IM to print information on the final internal filter selection to standard output. This includes a commented header on the filter settings being used, and data allowing the filter weights to be easily graphed. Note however that some filters are internally defined in terms of other filters. The `Lanczos` filter for example is defined in terms of a `SincFast` windowed `SincFast` filter, while `Mitchell` is defined as a general `Cubic` family filter with specific 'B' and 'C' settings.

For example, to get a 8 lobe jinc windowed sinc filter (Genseng filter?):

`convert image.png \ -filter sinc \ -set filter:window=jinc \ -set filter:lobes=8 \ -resize 150% image.jpg"`

Or a raw un-windowed Sinc filter with 4 lobes:

`convert image.png \ -set filter:filter=sinc \ -set filter:lobes=4 \ -resize 150% image.jpg"`

To extract the data for a raw windowing function, combine it with a '`Box`' filter. For example the '`Welch` parabolic windowing function.

`convert null: -define filter:filter=Box \ -define filter:window=Welch \ -define filter:support=1.0 \ -define filter:verbose=1 \ -resize 2 null: > window_welch.dat gnuplot set grid plot \"window_welch.dat\" with lines`

Note that the use of expert options is provided for image processing experts who have studied and understand how resize filters work. Without this knowledge, and an understanding of the definition of the actual filters involved, using expert settings are more likely to be detrimental to your image resizing.

## -flatten

This is a simple alias for the -layers method "flatten".

## -flip

Create a mirror image

reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction. The image will be mirrored upside-down.

## -floodfill {+-}x{+-}y color

Floodfill the image with color at the specified offset.

Flood fill starts from the given 'seed point' which is not gravity affected. Any color that matches within -fuzz color distance of the given color argument, connected to that 'seed point' will be replaced with the current -fill color.

Note that if the pixel at the 'seed point' does not itself match the given color (according to -fuzz), then no action will be taken.

This operator works more like the -opaque option, than a more general flood fill that reads the matching color directly at the 'seed point'. For this form of flood fill, look at -draw and its 'color floodfill' drawing method.

## -flop

Create a mirror image.

Reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction, just like the image in a vertical mirror.

## -font name

Set the font to use when annotating images with text, or creating labels.

To print a complete list of fonts, use the -list font option (for versions prior to 6.3.6, use 'type' instead of 'font').

In addition to the fonts specified by the above pre-defined list, you can also specify a font from a specific source. For example `Arial.ttf` is a TrueType font file, `ps:helvetica` is PostScript font, and `x:fixed` is X11 font.

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -family, -stretch, -style, and -weight.

To specify an explicit font filename or collection, specify the font path preceded with a `@`, e.g., `@arial.ttf`. You can specify the font face index for font collections, e.g., `@msgothic.ttc[1]`.

## -foreground color

Define the foreground color for menus.", "display

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

The default foreground color is black.

## -format type

The image format type.

When used with the `mogrify` utility, this option converts any image to the image format you specify. For a list of image format types supported by ImageMagick, use -list format.

By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced with the image format type specified with -format. For example, if you specify tiff as the format type and the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes image.tiff.

## -format string

Output formatted image characteristics.

See Format and Print Image Properties for an explanation on how to specify the argument to this option.

## -frame geometry

Surround the image with a border or beveled frame.

The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor command line option.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. The size portion of the geometry argument indicates the amount of extra width and height that is added to the dimensions of the image. If no offsets are given in the geometry argument, then the border added is a solid color. Offsets x and y, if present, specify that the width and height of the border is partitioned to form an outer bevel of thickness x pixels and an inner bevel of thickness y pixels. Negative offsets make no sense as frame arguments.

The -frame option is affected by the current -compose setting and assumes that this is using the default '`Over`' composition method. It generates an image of the appropriate size with the current -bordercolor setting, and then draws the frame of four distinct colors close to the current -mattecolor. The original image is then overlaid onto center of this image. This means that with the default compose method of '`Over`' any transparent parts may be replaced by the current -bordercolor setting.

The image composition is not affected by the -gravity option.

## -frame

Include the X window frame in the imported image.

## -function function parameters

Apply a function to channel values.

This operator performs calculations based on the given arguments to modify each of the color values for each previously set -channel in the image. See -evaluate for details concerning how the results of the calculations are handled.

This is can be considered a multi-argument version of the -evaluate operator. (Added in ImageMagick 6.4.8−8.)

Here, parameters is a comma-separated list of numerical values. The number of values varies depending on which function is selected. Choose the function from:

`Polynomial Sinusoid Arcsin Arctan`

To print a complete list of -function operators, use -list function. Descriptions follow.

Polynomial

  The `Polynomial` function takes an arbitrary number of parameters, these being the coefficients of a polynomial, in decreasing order of degree. That is, entering

  `-function Polynomial an,an-1,...a1,a0`

  will invoke a polynomial function given by

  `an un + an-1 un-1 + ··· a1 u + a0,`

  where u is pixel's original normalized channel value.

  The `Polynomial` function can be used in place of `Set` (the constant polynomial) and `Add`, `Divide`, `Multiply`, and `Subtract` (some linear polynomials) of the -evaluate operator. The -level operator also affects channels linearly. Some correspondences follow.

  -evaluate Set value | -function Polynomial value | (Constant functions; set value×100% gray when channels are RGB.)
  -evaluate Add value | -function Polynomial 1,value
  -evaluate Subtract value | -function Polynomial 1,−value
  -evaluate Multiply value | -function Polynomial value,0
  +level black% x white% | -function Polynomial A,B | (Reduce contrast. Here, A=(white-black)/100 and B=black/100.)

  The `Polynomial` function gives great versatility, since polynomials can be used to fit any continuous curve to any degree of accuracy desired.

Sinusoid

  The `Sinusoid` function can be used to vary the channel values sinusoidally by setting frequency, phase shift, amplitude, and a bias. These values are given as one to four parameters, as follows,

  `-function `Sinusoid` freq,[phase,[amp,[bias]]]`

  where phase is in degrees. (The domain [0,1] of the function corresponds to 0 through freq×360 degrees.) The result is that if a pixel's normalized channel value is originally u, its resulting normalized value is given by

  `amp * sin(2*π* (freq * u + phase / 360)) + bias`

  For example, the following generates a curve that starts and ends at 0.9 (when u=0 and 1, resp.), oscillating three times between .7−.2=.5 and .7+.2=.9.

  `-function Sinusoid 3,-90,.2,.7`

  The default values of amp and bias are both .5. The default for phase is 0.

  The `Sinusoid` function generalizes `Sin` and `Cos` of the -evaluate operator by allowing varying amplitude, phase and bias. The correspondence is as follows.

  -evaluate Sin freq | -function Sinusoid freq,0
  -evaluate Cos freq | -function Sinusoid freq,90

ArcSin

  The `ArcSin` function generates the inverse curve of a Sinusoid, and can be used to generate cylindrical distortion and displacement maps. The curve can be adjusted relative to both the input values and output range of values.

  `-function `ArcSin` width,[center,[range,[bias]]]`

  with all values given in terms of normalized color values (0.0 for black, 1.0 for white). Defaulting to values covering the full range from 0.0 to 1.0 for bout input (width), and output (width) values. '`1.0,0.5,1.0,0.5`'

  `range/π * asin( 2/width * ( u - center ) ) + bias`

ArcTan

  The `ArcTan` function generates a curve that smooth crosses from limit values at infinities, though a center using the given slope value. All these values can be adjusted via the arguments.

  `-function `ArcTan` slope,[center,[range,[bias]]]`

  Defaulting to '`1.0,0.5,1.0,0.5`'.

  `range/π * atan( slope*π * ( u - center ) ) + bias`

## -fuzz distance{%}

Colors within this distance are considered equal.

A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target color in RGB space. For example, if you want to automagically trim the edges of an image with -trim but the image was scanned and the target background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account for these differences.

The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by appending `%` as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255, 65535, or 4294967295).

Use +fuzz to reset the fuzz value to 0.

## -fx expression

Apply a mathematical expression to an image or image channels.

If the first character of expression is `@`, the expression is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

See FX, The Special Effects Image Operator for a detailed discussion of this option.

## -gamma value

Level of gamma correction.

The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from `0.8` to `2.3`. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the image and gamma greater than 1.0 lightens it. Large adjustments to image gamma may result in the loss of some image information if the pixel quantum size is only eight bits (quantum range 0 to 255).

Gamma adjusts the image's channel values pixel-by-pixel according to a power law, namely, pow(pixel,1/gamma) or pixel^(1/gamma), where pixel is the normalized or 0 to 1 color value. For example, using a value of gamma=2 is the same as taking the square root of the image.

Use +gamma value to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images). Write the "file gamma" which is the reciprocal of the display gamma; e.g., if your image is sRGB and you want to write a PNG gAMA chunk, use

`convert input.png +gamma .45455 output.png`

(0.45455 is 1/2.2)

Note that gamma adjustments are also available via the -level operator.

## -gaussian-blur radius
-gaussian-blur radius{xsigma}

Blur the image with a Gaussian operator.

Convolve the image with a Gaussian or normal distribution using the given Sigma value. The formula is:

The Sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of blurring that will take place.

The Radius is only used to determine the size of the array which will hold the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

The larger the Radius the radius the slower the operation is. However too small a Radius, and severe aliasing effects may result. As a guideline, Radius should be at least twice the Sigma value, though three times will produce a more accurate result.

This differs from the faster -blur operator in that a full 2-dimensional convolution is used to generate the weighted average of the neighboring pixels.

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

## -geometry geometry

Set the preferred size and location of the image.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -gravity type

Sets the current gravity suggestion for various other settings and options.

Choices include: `NorthWest`, `North`, `NorthEast`, `West`, `Center`, `East`, `SouthWest`, `South`, `SouthEast`. Use -list gravity to get a complete list of -gravity settings available in your ImageMagick installation.

The direction you choose specifies where to position text or subimages. For example, a gravity of `Center` forces the text to be centered within the image. By default, the image gravity is `undefined`. See -draw for more details about graphic primitives. Only the text primitive of -draw is affected by the -gravity option.

The -gravity option is also used in concert with the -geometry setting and other settings or options that take geometry as an argument, such as the -crop option.

If a -gravity setting occurs before another option or setting having a geometry argument that specifies an offset, the offset is usually applied to the point within the image suggested by the -gravity argument. Thus, in the following command, for example, suppose the file `image.png` has dimensions 200x100. The offset specified by the argument to -region is (−40,+20). The argument to -gravity is `Center`, which suggests the midpoint of the image, at the point (100,50). The offset (−40,20) is applied to that point, giving (100−40,50+20)=(60,70), so the specified 10x10 region is located at that point. (In addition, the -gravity affects the region itself, which is centered at the pixel coordinate (60,70). (See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.)

`convert image.png -gravity Center -region 10x10-40+20 \ -negate output.png`

When used as an option to composite, -gravity gives the direction that the image gravitates within the composite.

When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction that an image gravitates within a tile. The default gravity is `Center` for this purpose.

Use +gravity to return gravity to its default value.

## -grayscale method

Convert image to grayscale.

This will use one of the -intensity methods to convert the given image into a grayscale image.

For example, to convert an image to (linear) Rec709Luminance grayscale, type:

`convert in.png -grayscale Rec709Luminance out.png`

which is equivalent to:

`convert in.png -colorspace LinearGray out.png`

Similarly, to convert an image to (non-linear) Rec709Luma grayscale, type:

`convert in.png -grayscale Rec709Luma out.png`

which is equivalent to:

`convert in.png -colorspace Gray out.png`

Note that a 'colorspace' intensity method will produce the same result regardless of the current colorpsace of the image. But a 'mathematical' intensity method depends on the current colorspace the image is currently using.

While this operation uses an -intensity method, it does not use or set the -intensity setting, so will not affect other operations that may use that setting.

## -green-primary x,y

Green chromaticity primary point.

## -hald-clut

Apply a Hald color lookup table to the image.

A Hald color lookup table is a 3-dimensional color cube mapped to 2 dimensions. Create it with the `HALD:` prefix (e.g. HALD:8). You can apply any color transformation to the Hald image and then use this option to apply the transform to the image.

`convert image.png hald.png -hald-clut transform.png`

This option provides a convenient method for you to use Gimp or Photoshop to make color corrections to the Hald CLUT image and subsequently apply them to multiple images using an ImageMagick script.

Note that the representation is only of the normal RGB color space and that the whole color value triplet is used for the interpolated lookup of the represented Hald color cube image. Because of this the operation is not -channel setting affected, nor can it adjust or modify an images transparency or alpha/matte channel.

See also -clut which provides color value replacement of the individual color channels, usually involving a simpler grayscale image. E.g: grayscale to color replacement, or modification by a histogram mapping.

## -help

Print usage instructions.

## -highlight-color color

When comparing images, emphasize pixel differences with this color.

## -hough-lines widthxheight{+threshold}

Identify straight lines in the image (e.g. -hough-lines 9x9+195).

Use the Hough line detector with any binary edge extracted image to locate and draw any straight lines that it finds.

The process accumulates counts for every white pixel in the binary edge image for every possible orientation (for angles from 0 to 179 in 1 deg increments) and distance from the center of the image to the corners (in 1 px increments). It stores the counts in an accumulator matrix of angle vs distance. The size of the accumulator will be 180x(diagonal/2). Next it searches the accumulator for peaks in counts and converts the locations of the peaks to slope and intercept in the normal x,y input image space. The algorithm uses slope/intercepts to find the endpoints clipped to the bounds of the image. The lines are drawn from the given endpoints. The counts are a measure of the length of the lines.

.

The WxH arguments specify the filter size for locating the peaks in the Hough accumulator. The threshold excludes lines whose counts are less than the threshold value.

Use `-background` to specify the color of the background onto which the lines will be drawn. The default is black.

Use `-fill` to specify the color of the lines. The default is black.

Use `-stroke` and `-strokewidth` to specify the thickness of the lines. The default is black and no strokewidth.

A text file listing the endpoints and counts may be created by using the suffix, .mvg, for the output image.

Use `-define hough-lines:accumulator=true` to return the accumulator image in addition to the lines image.

## -iconGeometry geometry

Specify the icon geometry.

Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled in the same manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to handle negative offsets.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -iconic

Start in icon mode in X Windows", 'animate', 'display

## -identify

Identify the format and characteristics of the image.

This information is printed by default:

- image scene number (if its not zero)
- image name
- image format
- image size
- virtual page offset
- color depth
- colorspace
- file size in bytes
- consumed user time identifying the image
- elapsed time identifying the image

To customize the attributes you want to identify, use -format.

If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to color reduction algorithm for a description of these values.

If -verbose precedes this option, copious amounts of image properties are displayed including image statistics, profiles, image histogram, and others.

## -ift

Implements the inverse discrete Fourier transform (DFT).

This option is new as of ImageMagick 6.5.4-3 (and now working for Windows users in ImageMagick 6.6.0-9). It transforms a pair of magnitude and phase images from the frequency domain to a single image in the normal or spatial domain. See for example, Fourier Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform.

For example, depending upon the image format used to store the result of the -fft, one would use either

`convert fft_image.miff -ift fft_image_ift.png`

or

`convert fft_image-0.png fft_image-1.png -ift fft_image_ift.png`

The resulting image may need to be cropped due to padding introduced when the original image, prior to the -fft or +fft, was not square or even dimensioned. Any padding is at the right and/or bottom sides of the image.

The FFTW delegate library is required to use -ift.

Use +ift (with HDRI enabled) to transform a pair of real and imaginary images from the frequency domain to a single image in the normal (spatial) domain.

By default the IFT is not normalized (and the FFT is). Use "`-define fourier:normalize=inverse` to explicitly normalize the IFT and unnormalize the FFT.

## -immutable

Make image immutable.

## -implode factor

Implode image pixels about the center.

## -insert index

Insert the last image into the image sequence.

This option takes last image in the current image sequence and inserts it at the given index. If a negative index is used, the insert position is calculated before the last image is removed from the sequence. As such `-insert -1` will result in no change to the image sequence.

The `+insert` option is equivalent to `-insert -1`. In other words, insert the last image, at the end of the current image sequence. Consequently this has no effect on the image sequence order.

## -intensity method

Method to generate intensity value from pixel.

ImageMagick provides a number of methods used in situations where an operator needs to determine a single grayscale value for some purpose, from an image with red, green, and blue pixel components. Typically the `Rec709Luma` formula is used, which is the same formula used when converting images to `-colorspace gray`.

The following formulas are currently provided, and will first convert the pixel values to linear-RGB or non-linear sRGB colorspace before being applied to calculate the final greyscale value.

Rec601Luma
  0.298839R' + 0.586811G'+ 0.114350B'
Rec601Luminance
  0.298839R + 0.586811G + 0.114350B
Rec709Luma
  0.212656R' + 0.715158G' + 0.072186B'
Rec709Luminance
  0.212656R + 0.715158G + 0.072186B
Brightness
  max(R', G', B')
Lightness
  (min(R', G', B') + max(R', G', B')) / 2.0

Note that the above R,G,B values is the image's linear-RGB values, while R',G',B' are sRGB non-linear values.

These intensity methods are mathematical in nature and will use the current value in the images respective R,G,B channel regardless of what that is, or what colorspace the image is currently using.

Average
  (R' + G' + B') / 3.0
MS
  (R'^2 + G'^2 + B'^2) / 3.0
RMS
  sqrt( (R'^2 + G'^2 + B'^2) / 3.0 )

These methods are often used for other purposes, such as generating a grayscale difference image between two color images (using -compose '`Difference`' composition.

For example The 'MS' (Mean Squared) setting is good for minimizing color error comparisions. While... The method 'RMS' (Root Mean Squared) for example is appropriate for calculating color vector distance, from a color difference image. This is equivalent to the color only component of the -fuzz factor color compare setting.

See also -grayscale which applies one of the above grayscaling formula directly to an image without setting the -intensity setting.

The -colorspace gray image conversion also uses the current intensity setting, but will always convert the image to the appropriate sRGB or linear-RGB colorspace before appling the above function.

To print a complete list of possible pixel intensity setting methods, use -list intensity.

Operators affected by the -intensity setting include:

`-adaptive-blur -adaptive-sharpen -black-threshold -clut (when mapping greyscale CLUT image to alpha channel if set by -channels) -colors for gray colorspace -compose {LightenIntensity, DarkenIntensity, CopyOpacity, CopyBlack} -contrast-stretch -distort {ErodeIntensity, DilateIntensity} -normalize -random-threshold -range-threshold -selective-blur -shade -threshold -tint -white-threshold`

## -intent type

Use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color.

Use this option to affect the color management operation of an image (see -profile). Choose from these intents: `Absolute, Perceptual, Relative, Saturation`.

The default intent is Perceptual for the sRGB colorspace and undefined for the RGB and gray colorspaces.

To print a complete list of rendering intents, use -list intent.

## -interlace type

The type of interlacing scheme.

Choose from:

`none line plane partition JPEG GIF PNG`

This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as `RGB` or `YUV`.

`None` means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...),

`Line` uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and.

`Plane` uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).

`Partition` is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).

Use `Line` or `Plane` to create an `interlaced PNG` or `GIF` or `progressive JPEG` image.

To print a complete list of interlacing schemes, use -list interlace.

## -interline-spacing value

The space between two text lines.

## -interpolate type

Set the pixel color interpolation method to use when looking up a color based on a floating point or real value.

When looking up the color of a pixel using a non-integer floating point value, you typically fall in between the pixel colors defined by the source image. This setting determines how the color is determined from the colors of the pixels surrounding that point. That is how to determine the color of a point that falls between two, or even four different colored pixels.

average
  The average color of the surrounding four pixels
average4
  The average color of the surrounding four pixels
average9
  The average color of the surrounding nine pixels
average16
  The average color of the surrounding sixteen pixels
background
bilinear
  A double linear interpolation of pixels (the default)
blend
catrom
  Fitted bicubic-spines of surrounding 16 pixels
integer
  The color of the top-left pixel (floor function)
mesh
  Divide area into two flat triangular interpolations
nearest-neighbor
  The nearest pixel to the lookup point (rounded function)
spline
  Direct spline curves (colors are blurred)

This most important for distortion operators such as -distort, -implode, -transform and -fx.

To print a complete list of interpolation methods, use -list interpolate.

See also -virtual-pixel, for control of the lookup for positions outside the boundaries of the image.

## -interpolative-resize geometry

Resize with interpolation. See the -interpolate setting.

## -interword-spacing value

The space between two words.

## -kerning value

The space between two letters.

## -kmeans colors{xiterations}{+tolerance}

Kmeans (iterative) color reduction (e.g. `-kmeans 5x100+0.01`). Colors is the desired number of colors. Initial colors are found using color quantization. Iterations is the stopping number of iterations (default=100). Convergence is the stopping threshold on the color change between iterations (default=0.01). Processing finishes, if either iterations or tolerance are reached. Use `-define kmeans:seed-colors=color-list` to initialize the colors, where color-list is a semicolon delimited list of seed colors (e.g. `-define kmeans:seed-colors="red;sRGB(19,167,254);#00ffff`). A color list overrides the color quantization. A non-empty list of colors overrides the number of colors. Any unassigned initial colors are assigned random colors from the image.

## -kuwahara radius
-kuwahara radius{xsigma}

Edge preserving noise reduction filter.

The radius is more important than the sigma. If sigma is left off, it will be computed automatically from the radius as sigma=radius-0.5. The sigma provides a bit of additional smoothing control.

## -label name

Assign a label to an image.

Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, as it is read in or created. You can use the -set operation to re-assign a the labels of images already read in. Image formats such as TIFF, PNG, MIFF, supports saving the label information with the image.

When saving an image to a PostScript file, any label assigned to an image is used as a header string to print above the postscript image.

You can include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding special format character. See Format and Print Image Properties for details of the percent escape codes.

For example,

`-label "%m:%f %wx%h" bird.miff`

assigns an image label of `MIFF:bird.miff 512x480` to the "`bird.miff`" image and whose width is 512 and height is 480, as it is read in. If a +label option was used instead, any existing label present in the image would be used. You can remove all labels from an image by assigning the empty string.

A label is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image datastream via Label tag or similar mechanism. If you want the label to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option, or during the final processing in the creation of an image montage.

If the first character of string is @, the image label is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. Labels in a file are literal, no embedded formatting characters are recognized.

## -lat width
-lat widthxheight{+-}offset{%}

Perform local adaptive threshold.

Adaptively threshold each pixel based on the value of pixels in a surrounding window. If the current pixel is lighter than this average plus the optional `offset`, then it is made white, otherwise it is made black. Small variations in pixel values such as found in scanned documents can be ignored if offset is positive. A negative offset will make it more sensitive to those small variations.

This is commonly used to threshold images with an uneven background. It is based on the assumption that average color of the small window is the the local background color, from which to separate the foreground color.

## -layers method

Handle multiple images forming a set of image layers or animation frames.

Perform various image operation methods to a ordered sequence of images which may represent either a set of overlaid 'image layers', a GIF disposal animation, or a fully-'coalesced' animation sequence.

Method | Description
--- | ---
compare-any | Crop the second and later frames to the smallest rectangle that contains all the differences between the two images. No GIF -dispose methods are taken into account.
| This exactly the same as the -deconstruct operator, and does not preserve animations normal working, especially when animation used layer disposal methods such as '`Previous`' or '`Background`'.
compare-clear | As '`compare-any`' but crop to the bounds of any opaque pixels which become transparent in the second frame. That is the smallest image needed to mask or erase pixels for the next frame.
compare-overlay | As '`compare-any`' but crop to pixels that add extra color to the next image, as a result of overlaying color pixels. That is the smallest single overlaid image to add or change colors.
| This can be used with the -compose alpha composition method '`change-mask`', to reduce the image to just the pixels that need to be overlaid.
coalesce | Equivalent to a call to the -coalesce operator. Apply the layer disposal methods set in the current image sequence to form a fully defined animation sequence, as it should be displayed. Effectively converting a GIF animation into a 'film strip'-like animation.
composite | Alpha Composition of two image lists, separated by a "`null:`" image, with the destination image list first, and the source images last. An image from each list are composited together until one list is finished. The separator image and source image lists are removed.
| The -geometry offset is adjusted according to -gravity in accordance of the virtual canvas size of the first image in each list. Unlike a normal -composite operation, the canvas offset is also added to the final composite positioning of each image.
| If one of the image lists only contains one image, that image is applied to all the images in the other image list, regardless of which list it is. In this case it is the image meta-data of the list which preserved.
dispose | This like '`coalesce`' but shows the look of the animation after the layer disposal method has been applied, before the next sub-frame image is overlaid. That is the 'dispose' image that results from the application of the GIF -dispose method. This allows you to check what is going wrong with a particular animation you may be developing.
flatten | Create a canvas the size of the first images virtual canvas using the current -background color, and -compose each image in turn onto that canvas. Images falling outside that canvas is clipped. Final image will have a zero virtual canvas offset.
| This usually used as one of the final 'image layering' operations overlaying all the prepared image layers into a final image.
| For a single image this method can also be used to fillout a virtual canvas with real pixels, or to underlay an opaque color to remove transparency from an image.
merge | As 'flatten' method but merging all the given image layers to create a new layer image just large enough to hold all the image without clipping or extra space. The new images virtual offset will preserve the position of the new layer, even if this offset is negative. The virtual canvas size of the first image is preserved.
| Caution is advised when handling image layers with negative offsets as few image file formats handle them correctly. Following this operation method with +repage will remove the layer offset, and create an image in which all the overlaid image positions relative to each other is preserved, though not necessarily exactly where you specified them.
| See also 'trim-bounds' below which is closely related but without doing the'flatten' to merge the images together.
mosaic | As 'flatten' method but expanding the initial canvas size of the first image in a positive direction only so as to hold all the image layers. However as a virtual canvas is 'locked' to the origin, by its own definition, image layers with a negative offsets will still become clipped by the top and left edges. See 'merge' or 'trim-bounds' if this could be a problem.
| This method is commonly used to layout individual image using various offset but without knowing the final canvas size. The resulting image will, like 'flatten' not have any virtual offset, so can be saved to any image file format.
optimize | Optimize a coalesced animation, into GIF animation using a number of general techniques. This currently a short cut to apply both the '`optimize-frame`', and '`optimize-transparency`' methods but may be expanded to include other optimization methods as they are developed.
optimize-frame | Optimize a coalesced animation, into GIF animation by reducing the number of pixels per frame as much as possible by attempting to pick the best layer disposal method to use, while ensuring the result will continue to animate properly.
| There is no guarantee that the best optimization is found. But then no reasonably fast GIF optimization algorithm can do this. However this does seem to do better than most other GIF frame optimizers seen.

optimize-plus

As '`optimize-frame`' but attempt to improve the overall optimization by adding extra frames to the animation, without changing the final look or timing of the animation. The frames are added to attempt to separate the clearing of pixels from the overlaying of new additional pixels from one animation frame to the next. If this does not improve the optimization (for the next frame only), it will fall back to the results of the previous normal '`optimize-frame`' technique.

| There is the possibility that the change in the disposal style will result in a worsening in the optimization of later frames, though this is unlikely. In other words there no guarantee that it is better than the normal '`optimize-frame`' technique. For some animations however you can get a vast improvement in the final animation size.
optimize-transparency | Given a GIF animation, replace any pixel in the sub-frame overlay images with transparency, if it does not change the resulting animation by more than the current -fuzz factor.
| This should allow a existing frame optimized GIF animation to compress into a smaller file size due to larger areas of one (transparent) color rather than a pattern of multiple colors repeating the current disposed image of the last frame.
remove-dups | Remove (and merge time delays) of duplicate consecutive images, so as to simplify layer overlays of coalesced animations.
| Usually this a result of using a constant time delay across the whole animation, or after a larger animation was split into smaller sub-animations. The duplicate frames could also have been used as part of some frame optimization methods.
remove-zero | Remove any image with a zero time delay, unless ALL the images have a zero time delay (and is not a proper timed animation, a warning is then issued).
| In a GIF animation, such images are usually frames which provide partial intermediary updates between the frames that are actually displayed to users. These frames are usually added for improved frame optimization in GIF animations.

trim-bounds

Find the bounds of all the images in the current image sequence, then adjust the offsets so all images are contained on a minimal positive canvas. None of the image data is modified or merged, only the individual image virtual canvas size and offset. All the images is given the same canvas size, and will have a positive offset, but will remain in the same position relative to each other. As a result of the minimal canvas size at least one image will touch every edge of that canvas. The image data touching those edges however may be transparent.

| The result is much like if you used 'merge' followed by a +repage option, except that all the images have been kept separate. If 'flatten' is used after using 'trim-bounds' you will get the same result.

To print a complete list of layer types, use -list layers.

The operators -coalesce, -deconstruct, -flatten, and -mosaic are only aliases for the above methods and may be deprecated in the future. Also see -page, -repage operators, the -compose setting, and the GIF -dispose and -delay settings.

## -level black_point{,white_point}{%}{,gamma}

Adjust the level of image channels.

Given one, two or three values delimited with commas: black-point, white-point, gamma (for example: 10,250,1.0 or 2%,98%,0.5). The black and white points range from 0 to QuantumRange, or from 0 to 100%; if the white point is omitted it is set to (QuantumRange - black_point), so as to center contrast changes. If a `%` sign is present anywhere in the string, both black and white points are percentages of the full color range. Gamma will do a -gamma adjustment of the values. If it is omitted, the default of 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed.

In normal usage (`-level`) the image values are stretched so that the given '`black_point`' value in the original image is set to zero (or black), while the given '`white_point`' value is set to QuantumRange (or white). This provides you with direct contrast adjustments to the image. The '`gamma`' of the resulting image will then be adjusted.

From ImageMagick v6.4.1-9 using the plus form of the operator (`+level`) or adding the special '!' flag anywhere in the argument list, will cause the operator to do the reverse of the level adjustment. That is a zero, or QuantumRange value (black, and white, resp.) in the original image, is adjusted to the given level values, allowing you to de-contrast, or compress the channel values within the image. The '`gamma`' is adjusted before the level adjustment to de-contrast the image is made.

Only the channels defined by the current -channel setting are adjusted (defaults to RGB color channels only), allowing you to limit the effect of this operator.

Please note that the transparency channel is treated as 'matte' values (0 is opaque) and not as 'alpha' values (0 is transparent).

## -level-colors {black_color}{,}{white_color}

Adjust the level of an image using the provided dash separated colors.

This function is exactly like -level, except that the value for each color channel is determined by the '`black_color`' and '`white_color`' colors given (as described under the -fill option).

This effectively means the colors provided to `-level-colors` is mapped to become 'black' and 'white' respectively, with all the other colors linearly adjusted (or clipped) to match that change. Each channel is adjusted separately using the channel values of the colors specified.

On the other hand the plus form of the operator (`+level-colors`) will map the image color 'black' and 'white' to the given colors respectively, resulting in a gradient (de-contrasting) tint of the image to those colors. This can also be used to convert a plain grayscale image into a one using the gradient of colors specified.

By supplying a single color with a comma separator either before or after that color, will just replace the respective 'black' or 'white' point respectively. But if no comma separator is provided, the given color is used for both the black and white color points, making the operator either threshold the images around that color (- form) or set all colors to that color (+ form).

## -limit type value

Set the pixel cache resource limit.

Choose from: `width`, `height`, `area`, `memory`, `map`, `disk`, `file`, `thread`, `throttle`, or `time`.

The value for `file` is in number of files. The other limits are in bytes. Define arguments for the memory, map, area, and disk resource limits with SI prefixes (.e.g 100MB).

By default the limits are 768 files, 3GB of image area, 1.5GiB memory, 3GiB memory map, and 18.45EB of disk. These limits are adjusted relative to the available resources on your computer if this information is available. When any limit is reached, ImageMagick fails in some fashion but attempts to take compensating actions, if possible. For example, the following limits memory:

`-limit memory 32MiB -limit map 64MiB`

Use -list resource to list the current limits. For example, our system shows these limits:

`-> identify -list resource Resource limits: Width: 100MP Height: 100MP Area: 25.181GB Memory: 11.726GiB Map: 23.452GiB Disk: unlimited File: 768 Thread: 12 Throttle: 0 Time: unlimited`

Requests for pixel storage to keep intermediate images are satisfied by one of three resource categories: in-memory pool, memory-mapped files pool, and disk pool (in that order) depending on the -limit settings and whether the system honors a resource request. If the total size of allocated pixel storage in the given pool reaches the corresponding limit, the request is passed to the next pool. Additionally, requests that exceed the `area` limit automagically are allocated on disk.

To illustrate how ImageMagick utilizes resource limits, consider a typical image resource request. First, ImageMagick tries to allocate the pixels in memory. The request might be denied if the resource request exceeds the `memory` limit or if the system does not honor the request. If a memory request is not honored, the pixels are allocated to disk and the file is memory-mapped. However, if the allocation request exceeds the `map` limit, the resource allocation goes to disk. In all cases, if the resource request exceeds the `area` limit, the pixels are automagically cached to disk. If the disk has a hard limit, the program fails.

In most cases you simply do not need to concern yourself with resource limits. ImageMagick chooses reasonable defaults and most images do not tax your computer resources. Where limits do come in handy is when you process images that are large or on shared systems where ImageMagick can consume all or most of the available memory. In this case, the ImageMagick workflow slows other processes or, in extreme cases, brings the system to a halt. Under these circumstances, setting limits give some assurances that the ImageMagick workflow will not interfere with other concurrent uses of the computer. For example, assume you have a web interface that processes images uploaded from the Internet. To assure ImageMagick does not exceed 10MiB of memory you can simply set the area limit to 10MiB:

`-limit area 10MB`

Now whenever a large image is processed, the pixels are automagically cached to disk instead of memory. This of course implies that large images typically process very slowly, simply because pixel processing in memory can be an order of magnitude faster than on disk. Because your web site users might inadvertently upload a huge image to process, you should set a disk limit as well:

`-limit area 10MB -limit disk 500MB`

Here ImageMagick stops processing if an image requires more than 500MB of disk storage.

In addition to command-line resource limit option, resources can be set with environment variables. Set the environment variables `MAGICK_AREA_LIMIT`, `MAGICK_DISK_LIMIT`, `MAGICK_FILE_LIMIT`, `MAGICK_MEMORY_LIMIT`, `MAGICK_MAP_LIMIT`, `MAGICK_THREAD_LIMIT`, `MAGICK_TIME_LIMIT` for limits of image area, disk space, open files, heap memory, memory map, number of threads of execution, and maximum elapsed time in seconds respectively.

Note, you can restrict limits relative to any security policies, but you cannot relax them.

Inquisitive users can try adding -debug cache to their commands and then scouring the generated output for references to the pixel cache, in order to determine how the pixel cache was allocated and how resources were consumed. Advanced Linux/Linux users can pipe that output through `grep memory|open|destroy|disk` for more readable sifting.

For more about ImageMagick's use of resources, see the section Cache Storage and Resource Requirements on the Architecture page.

## -linear-stretch black-point
-linear-stretch black-point{xwhite-point}{%}

Linear with saturation stretch.

This is very similar to -contrast-stretch, and uses a 'histogram bin' to determine the range of color values that needs to be stretched. However it then stretches those colors using the -level operator.

As such while the initial determination may have 'binning' round off effects, the image colors are stretched mathematically, rather than using the histogram bins. This makes the operator more accurate.

note however that a -linear-stretch of '`0`' does nothing, while a value of '`1`' does a near perfect stretch of the color range.

See also -auto-level for a 'perfect' normalization of mathematical images.

This operator is under review for re-development.

## -linewidth

The line width for subsequent draw operations.

## -liquid-rescale geometry

Rescale image with seam-carving.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -list type

Print a list of supported arguments for various options or settings. Choose from these list types:

`Align Alpha Boolean Cache Channel Class ClipPath Coder Color Colorspace Command Complex Compose Compress Configure DataType Debug Decoration Delegate Direction Dispose Distort Dither Endian Evaluate FillRule Filter Font Format Function Gravity Intensity Intent Interlace Interpolate Kernel Layers LineCap LineJoin List Locale LogEvent Log Magic Method Metric Mime Mode Morphology Module Noise Orientation PixelIntensity Policy PolicyDomain PolicyRights Preview Primitive QuantumFormat Resource SparseColor Statistic Storage Stretch Style Threshold Type Units Validate VirtualPixel`

These lists vary depending on your version of ImageMagick. Use "`-list list`" to get a complete listing of all the "`-list`" arguments available:

`identify -list list`

## -log string

Specify format for debug log.

This option specifies the format for the log printed when the -debug option is active.

You can display the following components by embedding special format characters:

%d
  domain
%e
  event
%f
  function
%l
  line
%m
  module
%p
  process ID
%r
  real CPU time
%t
  wall clock time
%u
  user CPU time
%%
  percent sign
\n
  newline
\r
  carriage return

For example:

`convert -debug coder -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png`

The default behavior is to print all of the components.

## -loop iterations

Add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation.

Set iterations to zero to repeat the animation an infinite number of times, otherwise the animation repeats itself up to iterations times.

## -lowlight-color color

When comparing images, de-emphasize pixel differences with this color.

## -magnify

Double or triple the size of the image with pixel art scaling. Specify an alternative scaling method with `-define magnify:method=method` Choose from these methods: `eagle2X, eagle3X, eagle3XB, epb2X, fish2X, hq2X, scale2X, scale3X, xbr2X`. The default is scale2X.

## -map type

Display image using this type.

Choose from these Standard Colormap types:

`best default gray red green blue`

The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose, otherwise an error occurs. Use `list` as the type and `display` searches the list of colormap types in `top-to-bottom` order until one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard Colormaps.

## -map components

Pixel map.

Here are the valid components of a map:

r
  red pixel component
g
  green pixel component
b
  blue pixel component
a
  alpha pixel component (0 is transparent)
o
  opacity pixel component (0 is opaque)
i
  grayscale intensity pixel component
c
  cyan pixel component
m
  magenta pixel component
y
  yellow pixel component
k
  black pixel component
p
  pad component (always 0)

You can specify as many of these components as needed in any order (e.g. bgr). The components can repeat as well (e.g. rgbr).

## -mattecolor color

Specify the color to be used with the -frame option.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

The default matte color is `#BDBDBD`, this shade of gray.

## -maximum

Return the maximum intensity of an image sequence.

Select the 'maximum' value from all the surrounding pixels.

This is legacy option from the method of the same name.

## -median geometry

Apply a median filter to the image.

Select the 'middle' value from all the surrounding pixels.

This is legacy option from the method of the same name.

## -mean-shift widthxheight{+distance{%}

Image noise removal and color reduction/segmentation (e.g. -mean-shift 7x7+10%).

widthxheight is the window size and distance is the color distance measured in the range 0 to 1 or 0 to 100%

The mean shift algorithm is iterative and thus slower the larger the window size. For each pixel, it gets all the pixels in the window centered at the pixel and excludes those that are outside the radius=sqrt((width-1)(height-1)/4) surrounding the pixel. From those pixels, it finds which of them are within the specified squared color distance from the current mean. It then computes a new x,y centroid from those coordinates and a new mean. This new x,y centroid is used as the center for a new window. This process is iterated until it converges and the final mean is then used to replace the original pixel value. It repeats this process for the next pixel, etc, until it processes all pixels in the image. Results are better when using other colorspaces rather than RGB. Recommend YIQ, YUV or YCbCr, which seem to give equivalent results.

## -metric type

Output to STDERR a measure of the differences between images according to the type given metric.

Choose from:

AE
  absolute error count, number of different pixels (-fuzz affected)
DSSIM
  structural dissimilarity index
FUZZ
  mean color distance
MAE
  mean absolute error (normalized), average channel error distance
MEPP
  mean error per pixel (normalized mean error, normalized peak error)
MSE
  mean error squared, average of the channel error squared
NCC
  normalized cross correlation
PAE
  peak absolute (normalized peak absolute)
PHASH
  perceptual hash for the sRGB and HCLp colorspaces. Specify an alternative colorspace with `-define phash:colorspaces=colorspace,colorspace,...`
PSNR
  peak signal to noise ratio
RMSE
  root mean squared (normalized root mean squared)
SSIM
  structural similarity index

Control the '`AE`', or absolute count of pixels that are different, with the -fuzz factor (ignore pixels which only changed by a small amount). Use '`PAE`' to find the size of the -fuzz factor needed to make all pixels 'similar', while '`MAE`' determines the factor needed for about half the pixels to be similar.

The `MEPP` metric returns three different metrics ('`MAE`', '`MAE`' normalized, and '`PAE`' normalized) from a single comparison run.

The `SSIM` and `DSSIM` metrics respect these defines: `-define compare:ssim-radius`, `-define compare:ssim-sigma`, `-define compare:ssim-k1`, and `-define compare:ssim-k2`.

To print a complete list of metrics, use the -list metric option.

## -minimum

Return the minimum intensity of an image sequence.

Select the 'minimal' value from all the surrounding pixels.

This is legacy option from the method of the same name.

## -mode geometry

Make each pixel the \'predominant color\' of the neighborhood.'

## -mode value

Mode of operation.

Choose the value from these styles: `Frame, Unframe, or Concatenate`

Use the -list option with a '`Mode`' argument for a list of -mode arguments available in your ImageMagick installation.

## -modulate brightness[,saturation,hue]

Vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image.

The arguments are given as a percentages of variation. A value of 100 means no change, and any missing values are taken to mean 100.

The brightness is a multiplier of the overall brightness of the image, so 0 means pure black, 50 is half as bright, 200 is twice as bright. To invert its meaning -negate the image before and after.

The saturation controls the amount of color in an image. For example, 0 produce a grayscale image, while a large value such as 200 produce a very colorful, 'cartoonish' color.

The hue argument causes a "rotation" of the colors within the image by the amount specified. For example, 50 results in a counter-clockwise rotation of 90, mapping red shades to purple, and so on. A value of either 0 or 200 results in a complete 180 degree rotation of the image. Using a value of 300 is a 360 degree rotation resulting in no change to the original image.

For example, to increase the color brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue unchanged, use -modulate 120,90.

Use -set attribute of '`option:modulate:colorspace`' to specify which colorspace to modulate. Choose from `HCL`, `HCLp`, `HSB`, `HSI`, `HSL` (the default), `HSV`, `HWB`, or `LCH` (LCHab). For example,

`convert image.png -set option:modulate:colorspace hsb -modulate 120,90 modulate.png`

## -moments

Report image moments and perceptual hash.

## -monitor

Monitor progress.

## -monochrome

Transform the image to black and white.

## -morph frames

Morphs an image sequence.

Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the appearance of a metamorphosis from one image to the next, over all the images in the current image list. The added images are the equivalent of a -blend composition. The frames argument determine how many images to interpolate between each image.

## -morphology

## -morphology method kernel

Apply a morphology method to the image.

See IM Usage Examples, Morphology.

## -mosaic

An simple alias for the -layers method "mosaic"

## -motion-blur radius
-motion-blur radius{xsigma}+angle

Simulate motion blur.

Blur with the given radius, standard deviation (sigma), and angle. The angle given is the angle toward which the image is blurred. That is the direction people would consider the object is coming from.

Note that the blur is not uniform distribution, giving the motion a definite sense of direction of movement.

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

## -name

Name an image.

## -negate

Replace each pixel with its complementary color.

The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. White becomes black, yellow becomes blue, etc. Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.

## -noise geometry
+noise type

Add or reduce noise in an image.

The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating undesired structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.

Use `-noise radius` to specify the width of the neighborhood when reducing noise. This is equivalent to using a `-statistic NonPeak` operation, which should be used in preference.

Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose from these noise types:

`Gaussian Impulse Laplacian Multiplicative Poisson Random Uniform`

The amount of noise added can be controlled by the `-attenuate` setting. If unset the value is equivalent to 1.0, or a maximum noise addition.

Note that Random will replace the image with noise rather than add noise to the image. Use Uniform, if you wish to add random noise to the image.

To print a complete list of noises, use the -list noise option.

Also see the -evaluate noise functions that allows the use of a controlling value to specify the amount of noise that should be added to an image.

## -normalize

Increase the contrast in an image by stretching the range of intensity values.

The intensity values are stretched to cover the entire range of possible values. While doing so, black-out at most 2% of the pixels and white-out at most 1% of the pixels.

Note that as of ImageMagick 6.4.7-0, -normalize is equivalent to -contrast-stretch 2%x1%. (Before this version, it was equivalent to -contrast-stretch 2%x99%).

All the channels are normalized in concert by the same amount so as to preserve color integrity, when the default +channel setting is in use. Specifying any other -channel setting will normalize the RGB channels independently.

See -contrast-stretch for more details. Also see -auto-level for a 'perfect' normalization that is better suited to mathematically generated images.

This operator is under review for re-development.

## -opaque color

Change this color to the fill color within the image.

The color argument is defined using the format described under the -fill option. The -fuzz setting can be used to match and replace colors similar to the one given.

Use +opaque to paint any pixel that does not match the target color.

The -transparent operator is exactly the same as -opaque but replaces the matching color with transparency rather than the current -fill color setting. To ensure that it can do this it also ensures that the image has an alpha channel enabled, as per "`-alpha set`", for the new transparent colors, and does not require you to modify the -channel to enable alpha channel handling.

## -ordered-dither threshold_map{,level...}

Dither the image using a pre-defined ordered dither threshold map specified, and a uniform color map with the given number of levels per color channel.

You can choose from these standard threshold maps:

`threshold 1x1 Threshold 1x1 (non-dither) checks 2x1 Checkerboard 2x1 (dither) o2x2 2x2 Ordered 2x2 (dispersed) o3x3 3x3 Ordered 3x3 (dispersed) o4x4 4x4 Ordered 4x4 (dispersed) o8x8 8x8 Ordered 8x8 (dispersed) h4x4a 4x1 Halftone 4x4 (angled) h6x6a 6x1 Halftone 6x6 (angled) h8x8a 8x1 Halftone 8x8 (angled) h4x4o Halftone 4x4 (orthogonal) h6x6o Halftone 6x6 (orthogonal) h8x8o Halftone 8x8 (orthogonal) h16x16o Halftone 16x16 (orthogonal) c5x5b c5x5 Circles 5x5 (black) c5x5w Circles 5x5 (white) c6x6b c6x6 Circles 6x6 (black) c6x6w Circles 6x6 (white) c7x7b c7x7 Circles 7x7 (black) c7x7w Circles 7x7 (white)`

The `threshold` generated a simple 50% threshold of the image. This could be used with level to do the equivalent of -posterize to reduce an image to basic primary colors.

The `checks` pattern produces a 3 level checkerboard dither pattern. That is a grayscale will become a pattern of solid black, solid white, and mid-tone colors into a checkerboard pattern of black and white.

You can define your own threshold map for ordered dithering and halftoning your images, in either personal or system `thresholds.xml` XML file. See Resources for more details of configuration files.

To print a complete list of the thresholds that have been defined, use the -list threshold option.

Note that at this time the same threshold dithering map is used for all color channels, no attempt is made to offset or rotate the map for different channels is made, to create an offset printing effect. Also as the maps are simple threshold levels, the halftone and circle maps will create incomplete circles along the edges of a colored area. Also all the effects are purely on/off boolean effects, without anti-aliasing to make the circles smooth looking. Large dots can be made to look better with a small amount of blurring after being created.

## -orient image orientation

Specify orientation of a digital camera image.

Note, this is a setting. This merely sets the orientation metadata, and does not change the image.

Choose from these orientations:

`bottom-left right-top bottom-right top-left left-bottom top-right left-top undefined right-bottom`

To print a complete list of orientations, use the -list orientation option.

## -page geometry
-page media[offset][{^!<>}]
+page

Set the size and location of an image on the larger virtual canvas.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

For convenience you can specify the page size using media (see below). Offsets can then be added as with other geometry arguments (e.g. -page `Letter+43+43`).

Use media as shorthand to specify the dimensions (widthxheight) of the PostScript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for paper sizes are: `4x6`, `5x7`, `7x9`, `8x10`, `9x11`, `9x12`, `10x13`, `10x14`, `11x17`, `4A0`, `2A0`, `a0`, `a1`, `a2`, `a3`, `a4`, `a4small`, `a5`, `a6`, `a7`, `a8`, `a9`, `a10`, `archa`, `archb`, `archC`, `archd`, `arche`, `b0`, `b1`, `b10`, `b2`, `b3`, `b4`, `b5`, `b6`, `b7`, `b8`, `b9`, `c0`, `c1`, `c2`, `c3`, `c4`, `c5`, `c6`, `c7`, `csheet`, `dsheet`, `esheet`, `executive`, `flsa`, `flse`, `folio`, `halfletter`, `isob0`, `isob1`, `isob10`, `isob2`, `isob3`, `isob4`, `isob5`, `isob6`, `isob7`, `isob8`, `isob9`, `jisb0`, `jisb1`, `jisb2`, `jisb3`, `jisb4`, `jisb5`, `jisb6`, `ledger`, `legal`, `letter`, `lettersmall`, `monarch`, `quarto`, `statement`, `tabloid`. To determine the cooresponding size in pixels at 72DPI, use this command for example:

`convert xc: -format "%[papersize:a4]" info:`

This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a multi-image format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG. When used for this purpose the offsets are always measured from the top left corner of the canvas and are not affected by the -gravity option. To position a GIF or MNG image, use -page {+-}x{+-}y (e.g. -page +100+200). When writing to a MNG file, a -page option appearing ahead of the first image in the sequence with nonzero width and height defines the width and height values that are written in the `MHDR` chunk. Otherwise, the MNG width and height are computed from the bounding box that contains all images in the sequence. When writing a GIF89 file, only the bounding box method is used to determine its dimensions.

For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry but positioned relative to the lower left-hand corner of the page by {+-}`x` offset{+-}`y` offset. Use -page 612x792, for example, to center the image within the page. If the image size exceeds the PostScript page, it is reduced to fit the page. The default gravity for the -page option is NorthWest, i.e., positive `x` and `y` offset are measured rightward and downward from the top left corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is present with a value other than NorthWest.

The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

This option is used in concert with -density.

To print a complete list of pagesizes, use -list pagesize option.

Use +page to remove the page settings for an image.

## -paint radius

Simulate an oil painting.

Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.

## -path path

Write images to this path on disk.

## -pause seconds

Pause between animation loops

Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the animation.

## -pause seconds

Pause between snapshots.

Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next snapshot.

## -perceptible epsilon

Set each pixel whose value is less than |epsilon| to -epsilon or epsilon (whichever is closer) otherwise the pixel value remains unchanged.

## -ping

Efficiently determine these image characteristics: image number, the file name, the width and height of the image, whether the image is colormapped or not, the number of colors in the image, the number of bytes in the image, the format of the image (JPEG, PNM, etc.). Use `+ping` to ensure accurate image properties.

## -pointsize value

Pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font.

## -polaroid angle

Simulate a Polaroid picture.

Use `+polaroid` to rotate the image at a random angle between -15 and +15 degrees.

## -poly "wt,exp ..."

Combines multiple images according to a weighted sum of polynomials; one floating point weight (coefficient) and one floating point polynomial exponent (power) for each image expressed as comma separated pairs.

The weights should typically be fractions between -1 and 1. But the sum of weights should be 1 or at least between 0 and 1 to avoid clamping in non-hdri mode at black and white.

The exponents may be positive, negative or zero. A negative exponent is equivalent to 1 divided by the image raised to the corresponding positive exponent. A zero exponent always produces 1 scaled by quantumrange to white, i.e. wt*white, no matter what the image.

The format is: output = wt1*image1^exp1 + wt2*image2^exp2 ...

Some simple uses are:

- A weighted sum of each image provided all weights add to unity and all exponents=1. If the weights are all equal to 1/(number of images), then this is equivalent to -evaluate-sequence mean.
- The sum of squares of two or more images, provided the weights are equal (and sum to 1 to avoid clamping) and the exponents equal 2.

Note that one may add a constant color to the expression simply by using xc:somecolor for one of the images and specifying the desired weight and exponent equal to 0.

Similarly one may add white to the expression by simply using null: (or xc:white) for one of the images with the appropriate weight and exponent equal to 0.

## -posterize levels

Reduce the image to a limited number of color levels per channel.

Very low values of levels, e.g., 2, 3, 4, have the most visible effect.

## -precision value

Set the maximum number of significant digits to be printed.

## -preview type

Image preview type.

Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g. `convert file.png -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png`). Choose from these previews:

`AddNoise Blur Brightness Charcoal Despeckle Dull EdgeDetect Gamma Grayscale Hue Implode JPEG OilPaint Quantize Raise ReduceNoise Roll Rotate Saturation Segment Shade Sharpen Shear Solarize Spiff Spread Swirl Threshold Wave`

To print a complete list of previews, use the -list preview option.

The default preview is `JPEG`.

## -print string

Interpret string and print to console.

## -process command

Process the image with a custom image filter.

The command arguments has the form `"module arg1 arg2 arg3 ... argN"` where `module` is the name of the module to invoke (e.g. "Analyze") and arg1 arg2 arg3 ... argN are an arbitrary number of arguments to pass to the process module.

## -profile filename
+profile profile_name

Manage ICM, IPTC, or generic profiles in an image.

Using -profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC (newswire information), or a generic profile to the image.

Use +profile profile_name to remove the indicated profile. ImageMagick uses standard filename globbing, so wildcard expressions may be used to remove more than one profile. Here we remove all profiles from the image except for the XMP profile: `+profile "!xmp,*"`.

Use `identify -verbose` to find out which profiles are in the image file. Use -strip to remove all profiles (and comments).

To extract a profile, the -profile option is not used. Instead, simply write the file to an image format such as APP1, 8BIM, ICM, or IPTC.

For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files in the APP1 profile), use.

Set `-define precision:highres-transform=true` to increase the transform precision. Note, there is a slight performance penalty as the high-precision transform is floating point rather than unsigned.

`convert cockatoo.jpg profile.exif`

It is important to note that results may depend on whether or not the original image already has an included profile. Also, keep in mind that -profile is an "operator" (as opposed to a "setting") and therefore a conversion is made each time it is encountered, in order, in the command-line. For instance, in the following example, if the original image is CMYK with profile, a CMYK-CMYK-RGB conversion results.

`convert CMYK.tif -profile "CMYK.icc" -profile "RGB.icc" RGB.tiff`

Furthermore, since ICC profiles are not necessarily symmetric, extra conversion steps can yield unwanted results. CMYK profiles are often very asymmetric since they involve 3−>4 and 4−>3 channel mapping.

## -quality value

control the compression quality of JPEG, PNG, HEIC, and WebP image files when you are creating or saving them. This option is important for managing the trade-off between image quality and file size.

For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 1 (lowest image quality and highest compression) to 100 (best quality but least effective compression). The default is to use the estimated quality of your input image if it can be determined, otherwise 92. When the quality is 90 or greater, then the chroma channels are not downsampled. Use the -sampling-factor option to specify the factors for chroma downsampling.

For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a non-linear equation to the compression ratio required by the Jasper library. This non-linear equation is intended to loosely approximate the quality provided by the JPEG v1 format. The default quality value 100, a request for non-lossy compression. A quality of 75 results in a request for 16:1 compression.

For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the zlib compression level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). The default PNG "quality" is 75, which means compression level 7 with adaptive PNG filtering, unless the image has a color map, in which case it means compression level 7 with no PNG filtering.

For compression level 0 (quality value less than 10), the Huffman-only strategy is used, which is fastest but not necessarily the worst compression.

If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified PNG filter-type is used for all scanlines:

0
  none
1
  sub
2
  up
3
  average
4
  Paeth

If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is used.

If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.

Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color transformation (intrapixel differencing) and adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values are used.

If the filter-type is 8 the zlib Z_RLE compression strategy (or the Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY strategy, when compression level is 0) is used with adaptive PNG filtering.

If the filter-type is 9 the zlib Z_RLE compression strategy (or the Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY strategy, when compression level is 0) is used with no PNG filtering.

The quality setting has no effect on the appearance or signature of PNG and MNG images, since the compression is always lossless.

Not all combinations of compression level, strategy, and PNG filter type can be obtained using the -quality option. For more precise control, you can use the PNG:compression-level=N, PNG:compression-strategy=N, and PNG:compression-filter=N defines, respectively, instead. See -define. Values from the defines take precedence over values from the -quality option.

For further information, see the PNG specification.

For the MIFF and TIFF image formats, quality/10 is the Zip/BZip compression level, which is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but slowest). It has no effect on the image appearance, since the compression is always lossless.

For the BPG image format, quality/2 is the actual BPG compression level (range from 0 to 51).

## -quantize colorspace

Reduce colors using this colorspace.

This setting defines the colorspace used to sort out and reduce the number of colors needed by an image (for later dithering) by operators such as -colors, Note that color reduction also happens automatically when saving images to color-limited image file formats, such as GIF, and PNG8.

## -quiet

Suppress all warning messages. Error messages are still reported.

## -radial-blur angle

Blur around the center of the image.

Note that this is actually a rotational blur rather than a radial and as such actually mis-named.

The -virtual-pixel setting will determine how pixels which are outside the image proper are blurred into the final result.

## -raise thickness

Lighten or darken image edges.

This will create a 3-D effect. Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

Unlike the similar -frame option, -raise does not alter the dimensions of the image.

## -random-threshold lowxhigh

Apply a random threshold to the image.

## -range-threshold low-black,low-white,high-white,high-black

Perform either hard or soft thresholding within some range of values in an image.

## -read-mask filename

Prevent updates to image pixels specified by the mask.

This the same as using a mask used for composite masking operations, with grayscale values causing blended updates of the image the mask is attached to.

Use +read-mask to remove the mask from images.

Also see -clip-mask which work in the same way, but with strict boolean masking.

## -red-primary x,y

Set the red chromaticity primary point.

## -regard-warnings

Pay attention to warning messages.

This option causes some warnings in some image formats to be treated as errors.

## -remap filename

Reduce the number of colors in an image to the colors used by this image.

If the -dither setting is enabled (the default) then the given colors are dithered over the image as necessary, otherwise the closest color (in RGB colorspace) is selected to replace that pixel in the image.

As a side effect of applying a -remap of colors across all images in the current image sequence, all the images will have the same color table. That means that when saved to a file format such as GIF, it will use that color table as a single common or global color table, for all the images, without requiring extra local color tables.

Use +remap to reduce all images in the current image sequence to use a common color map over all the images. This equivalent to appending all the images together (without extra background colors) and color reducing those images using -colors with a 256 color limit, then -remap those colors over the original list of images. This ensures all the images follow a single color map.

If the number of colors over all the images is less than 256, then +remap should not perform any color reduction or dithering, as no color changes are needed. In that case, its only effect is to force the use of a global color table. This recommended after using either -colors or -ordered-dither to reduce the number of colors in an animated image sequence.

Note, the remap image colormap has at most 8-bits of precision. Deeper color maps are automagically coalesced with other colors to meet this requirement.

## -region geometry

Set a region in which subsequent operations apply.

The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

Use `+region` to remove any previously set regions.

## -remote

Perform a remote operation.

The only command recognized is the name of an image file to load.

If you have more than one display application running simultaneously, use the window option to specify which application to control.

## -render

Render vector operations.

Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations. This useful when saving the result to vector formats such as MVG or SVG.

## -repage geometry

Adjust the canvas and offset information of the image.

This option is like -page but acts as an image operator rather than a setting. You can separately set the canvas size or the offset of the image on that canvas by only providing those components.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

If a `!` flag is given the offset given is added to the existing offset to move the image relative to its previous position. This useful for animation sequences.

A given a canvas size of zero such as '`0x0`' forces it to recalculate the canvas size so the image (at its current offset) will appear completely on that canvas (unless it has a negative offset).

Use +repage to completely remove/reset the virtual canvas meta-data from the images.

The -set '`page`' option can be used to directly assign virtual canvas meta-data.

## -resample horizontalxvertical

Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution.

Resize the image so that its rendered size remains the same as the original at the specified target resolution. For example, if a 300 DPI image renders at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when the image has been resampled to 72 DPI, it will render at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 72 DPI device. Note that only a small number of image formats (e.g. JPEG, PNG, and TIFF) are capable of storing the image resolution. For formats which do not support an image resolution, the original resolution of the image must be specified via -density on the command line prior to specifying the resample resolution.

Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile exists in the image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in the standard file header.

## -resize geometry

Resize an image.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.

If the -filter option or `-define filter:option=value` precedes the -resize option, the image is resized with the specified orthogonal filter.

Many image processing algorithms assume your image is in a linear-light coding. If your image is gamma-corrected, you can remove the nonlinear gamma correction, apply the transform, then restore it like this:

`convert portrait.jpg -gamma .45455 -resize 25% -gamma 2.2 \ -quality 92 passport.jpg`

Note, some resampling functions are damped oscillations in approximation of a Sinc function. As such, you may get negative lobes if your release of ImageMagick is HDRI-enabled. To eliminate them, add -clamp to your command-line.

## -respect-parentheses

Settings remain in effect until parenthesis boundary.

## -reverse

Reverse the order of images in the current image list.

## -roll {+-}x{+-}y

Roll an image vertically or horizontally by the amount given.

A negative x offset rolls the image right-to-left. A negative y offset rolls the image bottom-to-top.

## -rotate degrees{<}{>}

Apply Paeth image rotation (using shear operations) to the image.

Use `>` to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height. `<` rotates the image only if its width is less than the height. For example, if you specify `-rotate "-90>"` and the image size is 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use `>` or `<`, enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being misinterpreted as a file redirection.

Empty triangles in the corners, left over from rotating the image, are filled with the `background` color.

See also the -distort operator and specifically the '`ScaleRotateTranslate`' distort method.

The page or virtual canvas information of the image is also rotated. Use a +repage to remove the virtual canvas page information if it is unwanted.

## -sample geometry

Minify / magnify the image with pixel subsampling and pixel replication, respectively.

Change the image size simply by directly sampling the pixels original from the image. When magnifying, pixels are replicated in blocks. When minifying, pixels are sub-sampled (i.e., some rows and columns are skipped over).

The results are thus equivalent to using -resize with a -filter setting of `point` (nearest neighbor), though -sample is a lot faster, as it avoids all the filter processing of the image. As such it completely ignores the current -filter setting.

The key feature of the -sample is that no new colors will be added to the resulting image, though some colors may disappear.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, unlike -resize.

The actual sampling point is the middle of the sub-region being sampled. As such a single pixel sampling of an image will take the middle pixel, (or top-left-middle if image has even dimensions). However the -define '`sample:offset`' can be set to modify this position some other location within each sub-region being sampled, as a percentage offset.

By default this value is '`50`' for the midpoint, but could be set to '`0`' for top-left, '`100`' for bottom-right, or with separate X and Y offsets such as '`0x50`' for left-middle edge of sampling sub-region.

## -sampling-factor horizontal-factorxvertical-factor

Sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder.

This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the JPEG encoder for chroma downsampling. If this option is omitted, the JPEG library will use its own default values. When reading or writing the YUV format and when writing the M2V (MPEG-2) format, use -sampling-factor 2x1 or -sampling-factor 4:2:2 to specify the 4:2:2 downsampling method.

## -scale geometry

Minify / magnify the image with pixel block averaging and pixel replication, respectively.

Change the image size simply by replacing pixels by averaging pixels together when minifying, or replacing pixels when magnifying.

The results are thus equivalent to using -resize with a -filter setting of `box`. Though it is a lot faster, as it avoids all the filter processing of the image. As such it completely ignores the current -filter setting.

If when shrinking (minifying) images the original image is some integer multiple of the new image size, the number of pixels averaged together to produce the new pixel color is the same across the whole image. This is a special case known as 'binning' and is often used as a method of reducing noise in image such as those generated by digital cameras, especially in low light conditions.

## -scene value

Set scene number.

This option sets the scene number of an image or the first image in an image sequence.

## -screen

Specify the screen to capture.

This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image should be done on the root window, rather than directly on the specified window. In this way, you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap the specified window, and more importantly, you can capture menus or other popups that are independent windows but appear over the specified window.

## -seed

Seed a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers

## -segment cluster-thresholdxsmoothing-threshold

Segment the colors of an image.

Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique. This is part of the ImageMagick color quantization routines.

Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each cluster that must exceed the cluster threshold to be considered valid. Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative. The default is 1.5.

If the -verbose setting is defined, a detailed report of the color clusters is returned.

## -selective-blur radius
-selective-blur radius{xsigma}{+threshold}

Selectively blur pixels within a contrast threshold.

Blurs those pixels that are less than or equal to the threshold in contrast. The threshold may be expressed as a fraction of QuantumRange or as a percentage.

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of blurring that will take place.

The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which will hold the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

## -separate

Separate an image channel into a grayscale image. Specify the channel with -channel.

## -sepia-tone percent-threshold

Simulate a sepia-toned photo.

Specify threshold as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

This option applies a special effect to the image, similar to the effect achieved in a photo darkroom by sepia toning. Threshold ranges from 0 to QuantumRange and is a measure of the extent of the sepia toning. A threshold of 80% is a good starting point for a reasonable tone.

## -set key value

## +set key

Sets image attributes and properties for images in the current image sequence.

This will assign (or modify) specific settings attached to all the images in the current image sequence. Using the +set form of the option will either remove, or reset that setting to a default state, as appropriate.

For example, it will modify specific well known image meta-data 'attributes' such as those normally overridden by: the options -delay, -dispose, and -page, -colorspace; generally assigned before the image is read in, by using a key of the same name.

If the given key does not match a specific known 'attribute ', such as shown above, the setting is stored as a free form 'property' string. Such settings are listed in -verbose information ("`info:`" output format) as "Properties".

This includes string 'properties' that are set by and assigned to images using the options -comment, -label, -caption. These options actually assign a global 'artifact' which are automatically assigned (and any Format Percent Escapes expanded) to images as they are read in. For example:

`$ convert rose: -set comment 'Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose' rose.jpg identify -format %c rose.jpg Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose`

The set value can also make use of Format and Print Image Properties in the defined value. For example:

`$ convert rose: -set origsize '%wx%h' -resize 50% \ -format 'Old size = %[origsize] New size = %wx%h' info: Old size = 70x46 New size = 35x23`

Other well known 'properties' that are available include: `date:timestamp`, `date:create`, `date:modify`, and `signature`.

The -repage operator will also allow you to modify the '`page`' attribute of an image for images already in memory (also see -page). However it is designed to provide a finer control of the sub-parts of this 'attribute'. The -set page option will only provide a direct, unmodified assignment of '`page`' attribute.

This option can also associate a colorspace or profile with your image. For example,

`convert image.psd -set profile ISOcoated_v2_eci.icc image-icc.psd`

Some 'properties' must be defined in a specific way to be used. For example only 'properties' prefixed with "`filename:`" can be used to modify the output filename of an image. For example

`convert rose: -set filename:mysize '%wx%h' 'rose_%[filename:mysize].png'`

If the setting value is prefixed with "`option:`" the setting will be saved as a global "Artifact" exactly as if it was set using the -define option. As such settings are global in scope, they can be used to pass 'attributes' and 'properties' of one specific image, in a way that allows you to use them in a completely different image, even if the original image has long since been modified or destroyed. For example:

`convert rose: -set option:rosesize '%wx%h' -delete 0 \ label:'%[rosesize]' label_size_of_rose.gif"`

Note that Format Percent Escapes will only match a 'artifact' if the given key does not match an existing 'attribute' or 'property'.

You can set the attributes of the image registry by prefixing the value with `registry:`.

The -set profile option can also be used to inject previously-formatted ancillary chunks into the output PNG file, using the commandline option as shown below or by setting the profile via a programming interface:

`convert in.png -set profile PNG-chunk-x:<filename> out.png`

where x is a location flag and filename is a file containing the chunk name in the first 4 bytes, then a colon (":"), followed by the chunk data. This encoder will compute the chunk length and CRC, so those must not be included in the file.

"x" can be "b" (before PLTE), "m" (middle, i.e., between PLTE and IDAT), or "e" (end, i.e., after IDAT). If you want to write multiple chunks of the same type, then add a short unique string after the "x" to prevent subsequent profiles from overwriting the preceding ones, e.g.,

`convert in.png -set profile PNG-chunk-b01:file01 \ -profile PNG-chunk-b02:file02 out.png`

## -shade azimuthxelevation

Shade the image using a distant light source.

Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale image.

## -shadow percent-opacity{xsigma}{+-}x{+-}y{%}

Simulate an image shadow.

## -shared-memory

Use shared memory.

This option specifies whether the utility should attempt to use shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this option is ignored. The default is `True`.

## -sharpen radius
-sharpen radius{xsigma}

Sharpen the image.

Use a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).

The sigma value is the important argument, and determines the actual amount of sharpening that will take place.

The radius is only used to determine the size of the array which will hold the calculated Gaussian distribution. It should be an integer. If not given, or set to zero, IM will calculate the largest possible radius that will provide meaningful results for the Gaussian distribution.

## -shave geometry

Shave pixels from the image edges.

The size portion of the geometry argument specifies the width of the region to be removed from both sides of the image and the height of the regions to be removed from top and bottom. Offsets are ignored.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -shear Xdegrees[xYdegrees]

Shear the image along the x-axis and/or y-axis.

The shear angles may be positive, negative, or zero. When Ydegrees is omitted it defaults to Xdegrees. When both angles are given, the horizontal component of the shear is performed before the vertical component.

Shearing slides one edge of an image along the x-axis or y-axis (i.e., horizontally or vertically, respectively),creating a parallelogram. The amount of each is controlled by the respective shear angle. For horizontal shears, Xdegrees is measured clockwise relative to "up" (the negative y-axis), sliding the top edge to the right when 0°<Xdegrees<90° and to the left when 90°<Xdegrees<180°. For vertical shears Ydegrees is measured clockwise relative to "right" (the positive x-axis), sliding the right edge down when 0°<Ydegrees<90° and up when 90°<Ydegrees<180°.

Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color defined by the -background option. The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

The horizontal shear is performed before the vertical part. This is important to note, since horizontal and vertical shears do not commute, i.e., the order matters in a sequence of shears. For example, the following two commands are not equivalent.

`convert logo: -shear 20x0 -shear 0x60 logo-sheared.png convert logo: -shear 0x60 -shear 20x0 logo-sheared.png`

The first of the two commands above is equivalent to the following, except for the amount of empty space created; the command that follows generates a smaller image, and so is a better choice in terms of time and space.

`convert logo: -shear 20x60 logo-sheared.png`

## -sigmoidal-contrast contrastxmid-point

Increase the contrast without saturating highlights or shadows.

Increase the contrast of the image using a sigmoidal transfer function without saturating highlights or shadows. Contrast indicates how much to increase the contrast. For example, 0 is none, 3 is typical and 20 is a lot.

The mid-point indicates where the maximum change 'slope' in contrast should fall in the resultant image (0 is white; 50% is middle-gray; 100% is black).

By default the image contrast is increased, use +sigmoidal-contrast to decrease the contrast.

To achieve the equivalent of a sigmoidal brightness change (similar to a gamma adjustment), you would use -sigmoidal-contrast {brightness}x0% to increase brightness and +sigmoidal-contrast {brightness}x0% to decrease brightness. Note the use of '0' fo rthe mid-point of the sigmoidal curve.

Using a very high contrast will produce a sort of 'smoothed thresholding' of the image. Not as sharp (with high aliasing effects) of a true threshold, but with tapered gray-levels around the threshold mid-point.

## -silent

Operate silently. This option is only used by the import tool.

## -similarity-threshold value

Minimum RMSE for subimage match.

If this setting is used, then the search will stop as soon as it finds a match whose metric is less than or equal to the value. A partially filled second output image will result. Using a value of zero, will cause the search to stop at the first perfect match it finds. If this setting is left off, then the search will proceed to completion or as limited by -dissimilarity-threshold.

## -size width[xheight][+offset]

Set the width and height of the image.

Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as `GRAY`, `RGB`, or `CMYK`. In addition to width and height, use -size with an offset to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of colors in a `MAP` image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).

For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:

`192x128 384x256 768x512 1536x1024 3072x2048`

## -sketch radius
-sketch radius{xsigma}+angle

Simulate a pencil sketch.

Sketch with the given radius, standard deviation (sigma), and angle. The angle given is the angle toward which the image is sketched. That is the direction people would consider the object is coming from.

## -smush offset

Appends an image sequence together ignoring transparency.

Smush is a more flexible version of -append, joining the images in the sequence top-to-bottom (-smush) or left-to-right (+smush), with a gap between images according to the specified offset.

If the offset is negative, images will overlap by that amount.

-smush respects -gravity. Any empty space will be filled with the -background color.

For zero offset and transparent images, the non-transparent parts of the two images will be aligned as close as possible without overlapping.

## -snaps value

Set the number of screen snapshots.

Use this option to grab more than one image from the X server screen, to create an animation sequence.

## -solarize percent-threshold

Negate all pixels above the threshold level.

Specify factor as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).

This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a photographic film to light during the development process.

## -sparse-color method 'x,y color ...'

color the given image using the specified points of color, and filling the other intervening colors using the given methods.

barycentric
  three point triangle of color given 3 points. Giving only 2 points will form a linear gradient between those points. The gradient generated extends beyond the triangle created by those 3 points.
bilinear
  Like barycentric but for 4 points. Less than 4 points fall back to barycentric.
voronoi
  Simply map each pixel to the to nearest color point given. The result are polygonal 'cells' of solid color.
manhattan
  Like voronoi, but resulting polygonal 'cells' are mapped to a fixed coordinate system.
shepards
  Colors points biased on the ratio of inverse distance squared. Generating spots of color in a sea of the average of colors.
inverse
  Colors points biased on the ratio of inverse distance. This generates sharper points of color rather than rounded spots of '`shepards`' Generating spots of color in a sea of the average of colors.

The points are placed according to the images location on the virtual canvas (-page or -repage offset), and do not actually have to exist on the given image, but may be some point beyond the edge of the image. All points are floating point values.

Only the color channels defined by the -channel are modified, which means that by default matte/alpha transparency channel is not affected. Typically transparency channel is turned off either before or after the operation.

Of course if some color points are transparent to generate a transparent gradient, then the image also requires transparency enabled to store the values.

All the above methods when given a single point of color will replace all the colors in the image with the color given, regardless of the point. This is logical, and provides an alternative technique to recolor an image to some default value.

## -splice geometry

Splice the current background color into the image.

This will add rows and columns of the current -background color into the given image according to the given -gravity geometry setting. See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument. Essentially -splice will divide the image into four quadrants, separating them by the inserted rows and columns.

If a dimension of geometry is zero no rows or columns will be added for that dimension. Similarly using a zero offset with the appropriate -gravity setting will add rows and columns to the edges of the image, padding the image only along that one edge. Edge padding is what -splice is most commonly used for.

If the exact same geometry and -gravity is later used with -chop the added all splices removed.

## -spread amount

Displace image pixels by a random amount.

The argument amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel from which to choose a candidate pixel to blend.

The lookup is controlled by the -interpolate setting.

## -statistic type geometry

Replace each pixel with corresponding statistic from the neighborhood.

Choose from these statistic types:

Gradient
  maximum difference (max - min) value in neighborhood
Maximum
  maximum value per channel in neighborhood
Minimum
  minimum value per channel in neighborhood
Mean
  average value per channel in neighborhood
Median
  median value per channel in neighborhood
Mode
  mode (most frequent) value per channel in neighborhood
Nonpeak
  value just before or after the median value per channel in neighborhood
RMS
  root mean square value per channel in neighborhood
StandardDeviation
  standard deviation value per channel in neighborhood

## -stegano offset

Hide watermark within an image.

Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image size. You will need this information to recover the steganographic image (e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png).

## -stereo +x{+y}

Composite two images to create a red / cyan stereo anaglyph.

The left side of the stereo pair (second image) is saved as the red channel of the output image. The right side (first image) is saved as the green and blue channels. Red-green stereo glasses are required to properly view the stereo image.

## -storage-type type

Pixel storage type. Here are the valid types:

char
  unsigned characters
double
  doubles
float
  floats
integer
  integers
long
  longs
quantum
  pixels in the native depth of your ImageMagick distribution
short
  unsigned shorts

Float and double types are normalized from 0.0 to 1.0 otherwise the pixels values range from 0 to the maximum value the storage type can support.

## -stretch fontStretch

Set a type of stretch style for fonts.

This setting suggests a type of stretch that ImageMagick should try to apply to the currently selected font family. Select fontStretch from the following.

`Any Condensed Expanded ExtraCondensed ExtraExpanded Normal SemiCondensed SemiExpanded UltraCondensed UltraExpanded`

To print a complete list of stretch types, use -list stretch.

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -style, and -weight.

## -strip

Strip the image of any profiles, comments or these PNG chunks: bKGD,cHRM,EXIF,gAMA,iCCP,iTXt,sRGB,tEXt,zCCP,zTXt,date.

## -stroke color

Color to use when stroking a graphic primitive.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

See -draw for further details.

## -strokewidth value

Set the stroke width.

See -draw for further details.

## -style fontStyle

Set a font style for text.

This setting suggests a font style that ImageMagick should try to apply to the currently selected font family. Select fontStyle from the following.

`Any Italic Normal Oblique`

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -stretch, and -weight.

## -subimage-search

Search for subimage.

This option enables the `compare` function to search for the best match location of a small image within a larger image. The search process generates either one or two output images (or frames), depending on whether the metric is accelerated.

- The first output is the difference image.
- The second output, if present, is the similarity score image.

When utilizing the HDRI-enabled compile of ImageMagick and the FFTW delegate is installed, specific metrics—NCC, MSE, RMSE, PSNR, PHASE, and DPC—are automatically accelerated using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) processing. This is the default behavior. However, by using the flag `-define compare:frequency-domain=false`, you can disable FFT acceleration and instead opt for the slower spatial domain processing, if desired.

The similarity score image matches the dimensions of the larger image. Each pixel in this output represents a potential position for the top-left corner of the small image within the larger one. The brightest spot in the similarity image corresponds to the best match location. For FFT-accelerated metrics, the similarity score at this position is also displayed in square brackets alongside the match coordinates.

It is important to note that the best match in the similarity image does not necessarily imply a perfect match. The actual brightness of the peak reflects the quality of the match. Additionally, other bright peaks in the similarity image may indicate alternate potential matching locations.

Metrics differ in their definition of a perfect match. For metrics like MSE, RMSE, PSNR (MAE, FUZZ, DSIM, and PHASH), a perfect match has a value of 0. Conversely, metrics such as NCC, PHASE, DPC (AE, PAE, MEPP, and SSIM) define a perfect match as 1. To maintain consistency, for metrics where the perfect match is 0, the similarity image is inverted, ensuring that the best match location appears as the brightest point, just as it does for metrics with a perfect match at 1.

## -swap index,index

Swap the positions of two images in the image sequence.

For example, -swap 0,2 swaps the first and the third images in the current image sequence. Use +swap to switch the last two images in the sequence.

## -swirl degrees

Swirl image pixels about the center.

Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.

## -synchronize

Synchronize image to storage device.

Set to "true" to ensure all image data is fully flushed and synchronized to disk. There is a performance penalty, but the benefits include ensuring a valid image file in the event of a system crash and early reporting if there is not enough disk space for the image pixel cache.

## -taint

Mark the image as modified.

## -text-font name

Font for writing fixed-width text.

Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.

You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1 font. For example, `Courier.ttf` is a TrueType font and `x:fixed` is OPTION1.

## -texture filename

Name of texture to tile onto the image background.

## -threshold value{%}

Apply simultaneous black/white threshold to the image.

Any pixel values (more specifically, those channels set using -channel) that exceed the specified threshold are reassigned the maximum channel value, while all other values are assigned the minimum.

The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value corresponding to the desired channel value. When given as an integer, the minimum attainable value is 0 (corresponding to black when all channels are affected), but the maximum value (corresponding to white) is that of the `quantum depth` of the particular build of ImageMagick, and is therefore dependent on the installation. For that reason, a reasonable recommendation for most applications is to specify the threshold values as a percentage.

The following would force pixels with red values above 50% to have 100% red values, while those at or below 50% red would be set to 0 in the red channel. The green, blue, and alpha channels (if present) would be unchanged.

`convert in.png -channel red -threshold 50% out.png`

As (possibly) impractical but instructive examples, the following would generate an all-black and an all-white image with the same dimensions as the input image.

`convert in.png -channel RGB -threshold 100% black.png convert in.png -channel RGB -threshold -1 white.png`

See also -black-threshold and -white-threshold.

## -thumbnail geometry

Create a thumbnail of the image.

This is similar to -resize, except it is optimized for speed and any image profile, other than a color profile, is removed to reduce the thumbnail size. To strip the color profiles as well, add -strip just before of after this option.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -tile filename

Set the tile image used for filling a subsequent graphic primitive.

## -tile geometry

Specify the layout of images.

See Image Geometry for complete details about the geometry argument.

## -tile

Specifies that a subsequent composite operation is repeated across and down image.

## -tile-offset {+-}x{+-}y

Specify the offset for tile images, relative to the background image it is tiled on.

This should be set before the tiling image is set by -tile or -texture, or directly applied for creating a tiled canvas using `TILE:` or `PATTERN:` input formats.

Internally ImageMagick does a -roll of the tile image by the arguments given when the tile image is set.

## -tint value

Tint the image with the fill color.

Tint the image with the fill color.

Specify the amount of tinting as a percentage. Pure colors like black, white red, yellow, will not be affected by -tint. Only mid-range colors such as the various shades of grey.

## -title string

Assign a title to displayed image.", "animate", "display", "montage

Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This assigned to the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data, or other image attribute by embedding special format characters described under the -format option.

For example,

`-title "%m:%f %wx%h"`

produces an image title of `MIFF:bird.miff 512x480` for an image titled `bird.miff` and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

## -transform

Transform the image.

This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous -affine option.

`convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg`

This operator has been now been superseded by the -distort '`AffineProjection`' method.

## -transparent color

Make this color transparent within the image.

The color argument is defined using the format described under the -fill option. The -fuzz setting can be used to match and replace colors similar to the one given.

Use +transparent to invert the pixels matched. that is make all non-matching colors transparent.

The -opaque operator is exactly the same as -transparent but replaces the matching color with the current -fill color setting, rather than transparent. However the -transparent operator also ensures that the image has an alpha channel enabled, as per "`-alpha set`", and does not require you to modify the -channel to enable alpha channel handling.

Note that this does not define the color as being the 'transparency color' used for color-mapped image formats, such as GIF. For that use -transparent-color

## -transparent-color color

Set the transparent color.

Sometimes this is used for saving to image formats such as GIF and PNG8 which uses this color to represent boolean transparency. This does not make a color transparent, it only defines what color the transparent color is in the color palette of the saved image. Use -transparent to make an opaque color transparent.

This option allows you to have both an opaque visible color, as well as a transparent color of the same color value without conflict. That is, you can use the same color for both the transparent and opaque color areas within an image. This, in turn, frees to you to select a transparent color that is appropriate when an image is displayed by an application that does not handle a transparent color index, while allowing ImageMagick to correctly handle images of this type.

The default transparent color is `#00000000`, which is fully transparent black.

## -transpose

Mirror the image along the top-left to bottom-right diagonal.

This option mathematically transposes the pixel array. It is equivalent to the sequence `-flip -rotate 90`.

## -transverse

Mirror the image along the images bottom-left top-right diagonal. Equivalent to the operations `-flop -rotate 90`.

## -treedepth value

Tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.

Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or one causes the use of an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.

An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to the color reduction algorithm for more details.

The -colors or -monochrome option, or writing to an image format which requires color reduction, is required for this option to take effect.

## -trim

Trim an image.

This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the corner pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that are nearly the same color as the corner pixels.

The page or virtual canvas information of the image is preserved allowing you to extract the result of the -trim operation from the image. Use a +repage to remove the virtual canvas page information if it is unwanted.

If the trimmed image 'disappears' a warning is produced, and a special single pixel transparent 'missed' image is returned, in the same way as when a -crop operation 'misses' the image proper.

Use `-define trim:percent-background=0%` to remove all the background from the image. The amount of background that is tolerated in an edge specified as a percent. 0% means no background is tolerated. 50% means an edge can contain up to 50% pixels that are background per the fuzz-factor.

Use `-background background-color` to identify background color surrounding the region of interest.

Fully transparent pixels are typically treated as if they lack color or that their color is irrelevant. When comparing two pixels that are both fully transparent, they are often considered equal. This means that any attributes related to their color are disregarded in the evaluation process.

## -type type

The image type.

Choose from: `Bilevel`, `Grayscale`, `GrayscaleAlpha`, `Palette`, `PaletteAlpha`, `TrueColor`, `TrueColorAlpha`, `ColorSeparation`, or `ColorSeparationAlpha`.

Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as grayscale and truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an efficient subformat. The -type option can be used to override this behavior. For example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in grayscale format even though only gray pixels are present, use.

`convert bird.png -type TrueColor bird.jpg`

Similarly, use -type TrueColorAlpha to force the encoder to write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the output format supports transparency.

Use -type optimize to ensure the image is written in the smallest possible file size.

## -undercolor color

Set the color of the annotation bounding box.

The color is specified using the format described under the -fill option.

See -draw for further details.

## -update seconds

Detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently displayed is over-written. `display` will automagically detect that the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.

## -unique-colors

Discard all but one of any pixel color.

## -units type

The units of image resolution.

Choose from: `Undefined`, `PixelsPerInch`, or `PixelsPerCentimeter`. This option is normally used in conjunction with the -density option.

## -unsharp radius
-unsharp radius{xsigma}{+gain}{+threshold}

Sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator.

The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The image is convolved with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma). For reasonable results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use a radius of 0 to have the method select a suitable radius.

The parameters are:

radius
  The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels, not counting the center pixel (default 0).
sigma
  The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels (default 1.0).
gain
  The fraction of the difference between the original and the blur image that is added back into the original (default 1.0).
threshold
  The threshold, as a fraction of QuantumRange, needed to apply the difference amount (default 0.05).

## -verbose

Print detailed information about the image when this option precedes the -identify option or `info:`.

## -version

Print ImageMagick version string and exit.

## -view string

FlashPix viewing parameters.

## -vignette radius{xsigma}{+-}x{+-}y{%}

Soften the edges of the image in vignette style.

The vignette effect rolloff is controlled by radiusxsigma. For nominal rolloff, this would be set to 0xsigma. A value of 0x0 will produce a circle/ellipse with no rolloff. The arguments x and y control the size of the circle. Larger values decrease the radii and smaller values increase the radii. Values of +0+0 will generate a circle/ellipse the same size as the image. The default values for x and y are 10% of the corresponding image dimension. Thus, the radii will be decreased by 10%, i.e., the diameters of the circle/ellipse will be 80% of the corresponding image dimension. Note, the percent symbol in a geometry affects x and y, whereas radius and sigma are absolute (e.g., `-vignette "0x2+10%+10%")`

## -virtual-pixel method

Specify contents of virtual pixels.

This option defines what color source should be used if and when a color lookup completely 'misses' the source image. The color(s) that appear to surround the source image. Generally this color is derived from the source image, but could also be set to a specify background color.

Choose from these methods:

background
  the area surrounding the image is the background color
black
  the area surrounding the image is black
checker-tile
  alternate squares with image and background color
dither
  non-random 32x32 dithered pattern
edge
  extend the edge pixel toward infinity
gray
  the area surrounding the image is gray
horizontal-tile
  horizontally tile the image, background color above/below
horizontal-tile-edge
  horizontally tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels
mirror
  mirror tile the image
random
  choose a random pixel from the image
tile
  tile the image (default)
transparent
  the area surrounding the image is transparent blackness
vertical-tile
  vertically tile the image, sides are background color
vertical-tile-edge
  vertically tile the image and replicate the side edge pixels
white
  the area surrounding the image is white

The default value is "edge".

This most important for distortion operators such as -distort, -implode, and -fx. However it also affects operations that may access pixels just outside the image proper, such as -convolve, -blur, and -sharpen.

To print a complete list of virtual pixel types, use the -list virtual-pixel option.

## -visual type

Animate images using this X visual type.", 'animate', 'display'

Choose from these visual classes:

`StaticGray TrueColor GrayScale DirectColor StaticColor default PseudoColor visual id`

The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most simultaneous colors on the default screen is chosen.

## -watermark brightnessxsaturation

Watermark an image using the given percentages of brightness and saturation.

Take a grayscale image (with alpha mask) and modify the destination image's brightness according to watermark image's grayscale value and the brightness percentage. The destinations color saturation attribute is just direct modified by the saturation percentage, which defaults to 100 percent (no color change).

## -wave amplitude
-wave amplitudexwavelength

Shear the columns of an image into a sine wave.

## -wavelet-denoise threshold
-wavelet-denoise thresholdxsoftness

Removes noise from the image using a wavelet transform. The threshold is the value below which everything is considered noise and ranges from 0.0 (none) to QuantumRange or use percent (e.g. 5%). Softness attenuates the threshold and typically ranges from 0.0 (none, default) to 1.0. The higher the value the more noise that remains in the image.

## -weight fontWeight

Set a font weight for text.

This setting suggests a font weight that ImageMagick should try to apply to the currently selected font family. Use a positive integer for fontWeight or select from the following.

Thin
  Same as fontWeight = 100.
ExtraLight
  Same as fontWeight = 200.
Light
  Same as fontWeight = 300.
Normal
  Same as fontWeight = 400.
Medium
  Same as fontWeight = 500.
DemiBold
  Same as fontWeight = 600.
Bold
  Same as fontWeight = 700.
ExtraBold
  Same as fontWeight = 800.
Heavy
  Same as fontWeight = 900.

To print a complete list of weight types, use -list weight.

For other settings that affect fonts, see the options -font, -family, -stretch, and -style.

## -white-balance

Applies white balancing to an image according to a grayworld assumption in the LAB colorspace.

Use `-define white-balance:vibrance=value{%}</kdb> to change the color vibrance of the a & b channels.`

## -white-point x,y

Chromaticity white point.

## -white-threshold value{%}

Force to white all pixels above the threshold while leaving all pixels at or below the threshold unchanged.

The threshold value can be given as a percentage or as an absolute integer value within [0, QuantumRange] corresponding to the desired -channel value. See -thresholdfor more details on thresholds and resulting values.

## -window id

Make the image the background of a window.", 'animate', 'display'

id can be a window id or name. Specify `root` to select X's root window as the target window.

By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window. If `backdrop` or -resize are specified, the image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to `X RESOURCES` for details.

The image will not display on the root window if the image has more unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of colors.

## -window-group

Specify the window group.

## -write filename

Write an image sequence.

The image sequence preceding the -write filename option is written out, and processing continues with the same image in its current state if there are additional options. To restore the image to its original state after writing it, use the +write filename option.

Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.

## -write-mask filename

Prevent updates to image pixels specified by the mask.

This the same as using a mask used for composite masking operations, with grayscale values causing blended updates of the image the mask is attached to.

Use +write-mask to remove the mask from images.

Also see -clip-mask which work in the same way, but with strict boolean masking.

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