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Title:

Representativity Indicators for Survey Quality

Version:

3.0.1

Maintainer:

Reijer Idema <r.idema@cbs.nl>

Description:

Calculate representativity indicators for survey quality based on survey data and response models. Use partial indicators to analyse the impact of individual variables and categories. Monitor changes in representativity during data collection. Improve representativity through adaptive survey design. Supports both R-indicators and coefficients of variation. See also Schouten, Cobben, Bethlehem (2009) https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33654901, Shlomo, Skinner, Schouten (2012) <doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2011.07.008> and Schouten, Shlomo (2017) <doi:10.1111/insr.12159>.

License:

EUPL-1.2

URL:

https://github.com/reijeridema/risq

BugReports:

https://github.com/reijeridema/risq/issues

Encoding:

UTF-8

Depends:

R (≥ 2.10)

Suggests:

knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (≥ 3.0.0)

LazyData:

true

VignetteBuilder:

knitr

Config/roxygen2/markdown:

TRUE

Config/roxygen2/version:

8.0.0

Config/testthat/edition:

NeedsCompilation:

Packaged:

2026-09-22 11:10:15 UTC; reijer

Author:

Reijer Idema [aut, cre], Barry Schouten [aut]

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2026-09-23 14:50:02 UTC

Bootstrap Subtraction

Description

Calculate the difference between two bootstrap objects. This can be used to measure the progression between two target variables.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bootstrap'
x - y

Arguments

x

A bootstrap object.

y

A bootstrap object.

Details

For the result to be meaningful, the bootstrap objects x and y must have been made with the same input arguments for the bootstrap() function, except for the target variable.

Value

A bootstrap object with the difference between x and y.

Examples

# Note: a low iteration count is used to limit computing time of example.
risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ age + gender, data = hlc)
a <- bootstrap(risq_hlc, ri, target = "response_1", seed = 0, iterations = 5)
b <- bootstrap(risq_hlc, ri, target = "response_2", seed = 0, iterations = 5)
mean(b - a)
var(b - a)

RISQ Bootstrap

Description

Draw random samples from a risq object and apply a representativity indicator or coefficient of variation function to these samples. The result is a bootstrap object from which statistical quantities can be derived using bootstrap class methods.

Usage

bootstrap(x, fun, ..., seed = NULL, iterations = 1000L)

Arguments

x

The risq object to sample from.

fun

The function to apply to the bootstrap samples. Can be any representativity indicator or coefficient of variation function.

...

Other arguments to pass into fun. Must not include include_se.

seed

An optional integer that is used to seed the random number generator for sampling. If omitted, the current seed is left intact. For details, see set.seed().

iterations

An optional positive integer specifying the number of samples to draw and apply fun to.

Value

A bootstrap object.

Examples

# Note: a low iteration count is used to limit computing time of example.
risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
bs <- bootstrap(risq_hlc, ri, target = "response_1", iterations = 5)
mean(bs)
var(bs)

Coefficient of Variation

Description

Estimate the bias-adjusted coefficient of variation for a target variable, within the context of the given risq object.

Usage

cv(x, target, include_se = TRUE)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the risq object data.

include_se

An optional logical specifying whether to include the standard error or not. If omitted, the standard error is included.

Value

Named list with the bias-adjusted coefficient of variation value and, if include_se is TRUE, the associated standard error se.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
cv(risq_hlc, "response_1")

Coefficient of Variation by Category

Description

Estimate unconditional and conditional partial coefficient of variation values by category for a selection of categorical variables, given a risq object and target variable.

Usage

cv_by_cat(
  x,
  target,
  variables,
  type = c("unconditional", "conditional"),
  include_se = TRUE
)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the risq object data.

variables

A character vector that specifies the variables for which to estimate partial coefficient of variation values. Must be the names of categorical variables in the risq object data. May include names of variables that are not part of the model.

type

An optional string that specifies the type of partial coefficient of variation to estimate. Must be either "unconditional" or "conditional". Defaults to "unconditional".

include_se

An optional logical specifying whether to include the standard error or not. If omitted, the standard error is included.

Value

A data frame with columns

variable: name of the variable for which the row holds values,
category: category within the variable for which the row holds values,
value: estimate for the partial coefficient of variation,
se: standard error for the partial coefficient of variation (only if include_se is TRUE).

Note that estimates are NA for empty categories and that conditional estimates are NA for a variable if that variable is the only variable in the predictor of the risq object model.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
cv_by_cat(risq_hlc, "response_1", c("gender", "age", "job"))

Coefficient of Variation by Variable

Description

Estimate bias-adjusted unconditional or conditional partial coefficient of variation values by variable for a selection of categorical variables, given a risq object and target variable.

Usage

cv_by_var(
  x,
  target,
  variables,
  type = c("unconditional", "conditional"),
  include_se = TRUE
)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the risq object data.

variables

type

An optional string that specifies the type of partial coefficient of variation to estimate. Must be either "unconditional" or "conditional". Defaults to "unconditional".

include_se

An optional logical specifying whether to include the standard error or not. If omitted, the standard error is included.

Value

A data frame with columns

variable: name of the variable for which the row holds values,
value: estimate for the partial coefficient of variation,
se: standard error for the partial coefficient of variation (only if include_se is TRUE).

Note that conditional estimates are NA for a variable if that variable is the only variable in the predictor of the risq object model.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
cv_by_var(risq_hlc, "response_1", c("gender", "age", "job"))

Household Living Conditions data

Description

A subset of data from a survey on Household Living Conditions conducted by Statistics Netherlands.

Usage

hlc

Format

hlc is a data frame with 35455 rows and 8 columns:

age: age category (factor),
gender: gender (factor),
marital_status: marital status (factor),
household: household type (factor),
job: employment status (factor),
house_value: house value category (factor),
urbanisation: degree of urbanisation (factor),
response_1: survey response status (logical).
response_2: survey response status (logical).
response_3: survey response status (logical).

Source

Statistics Netherlands.

Arithmetic Mean of a Bootstrap

Description

Calculate the arithmetic mean over all bootstrap iterations for each indicator in the bootstrap object.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bootstrap'
mean(x, ...)

Arguments

x

A bootstrap object.

...

Additional arguments to control the mean calculation. For details see base::mean().

Value

For a bootstrap using a non-partial indicator function, a single mean value. For a bootstrap using a partial indicator function, a data frame with the same shape as the output of that partial indicator function.

Examples

# Note: a low iteration count is used to limit computing time of example.
risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
bs <- bootstrap(
  risq_hlc,
  ri_by_var,
  target = "response_1",
  variables = "age",
  iterations = 5
)
mean(bs)

Print a RISQ object

Description

Print a description of a risq object.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'risq'
print(x, ...)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

...

Unused.

Value

No return value.

Quantiles of a Bootstrap

Description

Calculate sample quantiles over all bootstrap iterations for each indicator in the bootstrap object.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bootstrap'
quantile(x, ...)

Arguments

x

A bootstrap object.

...

Additional arguments to control the quantile calculation. For details see stats::quantile().

Value

For a bootstrap using a non-partial indicator function, a vector with quantile values. For a bootstrap using a partial indicator function, a data frame with the same shape as the output of that partial indicator function, but with a quantile column for each entry in probs, instead of a single value column.

Examples

# Note: a low iteration count is used to limit computing time of example.
risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
bs <- bootstrap(risq_hlc, cv, target = "response_1", iterations = 5)
quantile(bs, probs = c(0.05, 0.95))

Representativity Indicator

Description

Estimate the bias-adjusted representativity indicator for a target variable, within the context of the given risq object.

Usage

ri(x, target, include_se = TRUE)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the risq object data.

include_se

An optional logical specifying whether to include the standard error or not. If omitted, the standard error is included.

Value

Named list with the bias-adjusted representativity indicator value and, if include_se is TRUE, the associated standard error se.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
ri(risq_hlc, "response_1")

Representativity Indicator by Category

Description

Estimate unconditional or conditional partial representativity indicator values by category for a selection of categorical variables, given a risq object and target variable.

Usage

ri_by_cat(
  x,
  target,
  variables,
  type = c("unconditional", "conditional"),
  include_se = TRUE
)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the risq object data.

variables

A character vector that specifies the variables for which to estimate partial representativity indicator values. Must be the names of categorical variables in the risq object data. May include names of variables that are not part of the model.

type

An optional string that specifies the type of partial representativity indicator to estimate. Must be either "unconditional" or "conditional". Defaults to "unconditional".

include_se

An optional logical specifying whether to include the standard error or not. If omitted, the standard error is included.

Value

A data frame with columns

variable: name of the variable for which the row holds values,
category: category within the variable for which the row holds values,
value: estimate for the partial representativity indicator,
se: standard error for the partial representativity indicator (only if include_se is TRUE).

Note that estimates are NA for empty categories and that conditional estimates are NA for a variable if that variable is the only variable in the predictor of the risq object model.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
ri_by_cat(risq_hlc, "response_1", c("gender", "age", "job"))

Representativity Indicator by Variable

Description

Estimate bias-adjusted unconditional or conditional partial representativity indicator values by variable for a selection of categorical variables, given a risq object and target variable.

Usage

ri_by_var(
  x,
  target,
  variables,
  type = c("unconditional", "conditional"),
  include_se = TRUE
)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the risq object data.

variables

type

An optional string that specifies the type of partial representativity indicator to estimate. Must be either "unconditional" or "conditional". Defaults to "unconditional".

include_se

An optional logical specifying whether to include the standard error or not. If omitted, the standard error is included.

Value

A data frame with columns

variable: name of the variable for which the row holds values,
value: estimate for the partial representativity indicator,
se: standard error for the partial representativity indicator (only if include_se is TRUE).

Note that conditional estimates are NA for a variable if that variable is the only variable in the predictor of the risq object model.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
ri_by_var(risq_hlc, "response_1", c("gender", "age", "job"))

RISQ: Representativity Indicators for Survey Quality

Description

Build a risq object that can serve as input for RISQ functions.

Usage

risq(
  predictor,
  family = c("binomial", "gaussian"),
  data,
  weights = NULL,
  strata = NULL
)

Arguments

predictor

An object of class formula describing the linear model of explanatory variables used to predict the response. The left-hand side must be empty.

family

An optional string that specifies the regression type. Use "binomial" for logistic regression or "gaussian" for linear regression. If omitted, logistic regression is used.

data

A data frame with sample data of a survey. Must contain all variables used in predictor. Response variables must be logical. Other variables must be factors if they are to be used for the calculation of partial indicators.

weights

An optional vector with inclusion weights for the sampling units. Values must be strictly positive. If omitted, the inclusion weights are set to 1.

strata

An optional factor with the strata membership of the sampling units. If omitted, a default is created based on the inclusion weights. The default uses a stratum for each unique weight, up to a maximum of 20. If the number of unique weights exceeds 20, a single stratum is used.

Value

A risq object that can serve as input for other functions in this package.

Examples

risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)

Response Rate

Description

Calculate the response rate for a target variable, within the context of the given risq object.

Usage

rr(x, target)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

target

Name of the target variable. Must be the name of a logical variable in the data component of the risq object.

Value

Response rate numeric value.

Examples

risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
rr(risq_hlc, "response_1")

Random Sampling

Description

Generic function for taking samples. Defaults to base::sample().

Usage

sample(x, ...)

Arguments

x

Object to sample.

...

Further arguments to control the sampling.

Value

A sample of x.

Sample a RISQ object

Description

Take a sample of the specified size from a risq object. The sampling can be done either with or without replacement, and can be weighted or unweighted. The default behaviour is unweighted without replacement.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'risq'
sample(x, size = nrow(x$data), ...)

Arguments

x

A risq object.

size

An optional positive integer specifying the number of items to sample. Defaults to the number of records in the risq object data.

...

Other arguments to be passed into base::sample() to control the sampling of records from the risq object.

Value

A risq object with the same model as x, but with a sample of the data, weights and strata of x.

Variance

Description

Generic function for calculating variance. Defaults to stats::var().

Usage

var(x, ...)

Arguments

x

Object to calculate variance for.

...

Further arguments to control variance calculation.

Value

The variance of x.

Variance of a Bootstrap

Description

Calculate the variance over all bootstrap iterations for each indicator in the bootstrap object.

Usage

## S3 method for class 'bootstrap'
var(x, ...)

Arguments

x

A bootstrap object.

...

Additional arguments to control the variance calculation. For details see stats::var().

Value

For a bootstrap using a non-partial indicator function, a single variance value. For a bootstrap using a partial indicator function, a data frame with the same shape as the output of that partial indicator function.

Examples

# Note: a low iteration count is used to limit computing time of example.
risq_hlc <- risq(predictor = ~ gender + age, data = hlc)
bs <- bootstrap(
  risq_hlc,
  ri_by_cat,
  target = "response_1",
  variables = "age",
  iterations = 5
)
var(bs)

Package {risq}

Bootstrap Subtraction

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

See Also

Examples

RISQ Bootstrap

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Coefficient of Variation

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Coefficient of Variation by Category

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Coefficient of Variation by Variable

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Household Living Conditions data

Description

Usage

Format

Source

Arithmetic Mean of a Bootstrap

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Print a RISQ object

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Quantiles of a Bootstrap

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Representativity Indicator

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Representativity Indicator by Category

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

See Also

Examples

Representativity Indicator by Variable

Description

Usage

Arguments