Serialisation

The value for most arguments must be a string or will be coerced into one; clearly this is not going to be suitable for most R objects. The solution is to serialise the R object. redux can accept objects serialised to strings or to byte streams, and the functions the object_to_bin and object_to_string functions can help here, serialising the objects to binary and string representations. (Alternatively you can do this yourself using serialize.)

obj <- redux::object_to_bin(1:10)
obj

##   [1] 42 0a 03 00 00 00 02 01 04 00 00 05 03 00 05 00 00 00 55 54 46 2d 38 ee 00
##  [26] 00 00 02 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 09 00 04 00 0e 00 00 00 63 6f 6d 70 61 63 74
##  [51] 5f 69 6e 74 73 65 71 02 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 09 00 04 00 04 00 00 00 62 61
##  [76] 73 65 02 00 00 00 0d 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 0d 00 00 00 fe 00 00 00 0e 00 00
## [101] 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 24 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00
## [126] 00 00 f0 3f fe 00 00 00

or

str <- redux::object_to_string(1:10)
str

## [1] "A\n3\n262402\n197888\n5\nUTF-8\n238\n2\n1\n262153\n14\ncompact_intseq\n2\n1\n262153\n4\nbase\n2\n13\n1\n13\n254\n14\n3\n0x1.4p+3\n0x1p+0\n0x1p+0\n254\n"

The binary serialisation is faster, smaller, and preserves all the bits of floating point numbers. The string version might be preferable where having only strings in the database is wanted. The binary serialisation is compatible with the same approach used in RcppRedis, though it is never done automatically.

These values can be deserialised:

redux::bin_to_object(obj)

##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

redux::string_to_object(str)

##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

So:

r$SET("mylist", redux::object_to_bin(1:10))

## [Redis: OK]

r$GET("mylist")

##   [1] 42 0a 03 00 00 00 02 01 04 00 00 05 03 00 05 00 00 00 55 54 46 2d 38 ee 00
##  [26] 00 00 02 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 09 00 04 00 0e 00 00 00 63 6f 6d 70 61 63 74
##  [51] 5f 69 6e 74 73 65 71 02 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 09 00 04 00 04 00 00 00 62 61
##  [76] 73 65 02 00 00 00 0d 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 0d 00 00 00 fe 00 00 00 0e 00 00
## [101] 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 24 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 3f 00 00 00 00
## [126] 00 00 f0 3f fe 00 00 00

redux::bin_to_object(r$GET("mylist"))

##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

Using string serialisation is similar:

r$SET("mylist", redux::object_to_string(1:10))

## [Redis: OK]

r$GET("mylist")

## [1] "A\n3\n262402\n197888\n5\nUTF-8\n238\n2\n1\n262153\n14\ncompact_intseq\n2\n1\n262153\n4\nbase\n2\n13\n1\n13\n254\n14\n3\n0x1.4p+3\n0x1p+0\n0x1p+0\n254\n"

redux::string_to_object(r$GET("mylist"))

##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10

This gives you all the power of Redis, but you will have to manually serialise/deserialise all complicated R objects (i.e., everything other than logicals, numbers or strings). Similarly, you are responsible for type coercion/deserialisation when retrieving data at the other end.

Note that you are not restricted to using serialised R objects as values; you can use them as keys; this is perfectly valid:

r$SET(redux::object_to_bin(1:10), "mydata")

## [Redis: OK]

r$GET(redux::object_to_bin(1:10))

## [1] "mydata"

Beyond GET / SET / DEL, Redis offers potentially better ways of holding things like lists using its native data types. For example;

r$RPUSH("mylist2", 1:10)

## [1] 10

(the returned value 10 indicates that the list “mylist2” is 10 elements long). There are lots of commands for operating on lists. For example, you can do things like;

• get an element by its index (note that this uses C-style base-0 indexing for consistency with the Redis documentation rather than R’s semantics)

r$LINDEX("mylist2", 1)

## [1] "2"

• set an element by its index

r$LSET("mylist2", 1, "carrot")

## [Redis: OK]

• get all of a list:

r$LRANGE("mylist2", 0, -1)

## [[1]]
## [1] "1"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "carrot"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "3"
##
## [[4]]
## [1] "4"
##
## [[5]]
## [1] "5"
##
## [[6]]
## [1] "6"
##
## [[7]]
## [1] "7"
##
## [[8]]
## [1] "8"
##
## [[9]]
## [1] "9"
##
## [[10]]
## [1] "10"

• or part of it:

r$LRANGE("mylist2", 0, 2)

## [[1]]
## [1] "1"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "carrot"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "3"

• pop elements off the front or back

r$LLEN("mylist2")

## [1] 10

r$LPOP("mylist2")

## [1] "1"

r$RPOP("mylist2")

## [1] "10"

r$LLEN("mylist2")

## [1] 8

Of course, each element of the list can be an R object if you run it through object_to_string:

r$LPUSH("mylist2", redux::object_to_string(1:10))

## [1] 9

but you’ll be responsible for converting that back (and detecting / knowing that this needs doing)

dat <- r$LRANGE("mylist2", 0, 2)
dat

## [[1]]
## [1] "A\n3\n262402\n197888\n5\nUTF-8\n238\n2\n1\n262153\n14\ncompact_intseq\n2\n1\n262153\n4\nbase\n2\n13\n1\n13\n254\n14\n3\n0x1.4p+3\n0x1p+0\n0x1p+0\n254\n"
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "carrot"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "3"

dat[[1]] <- redux::string_to_object(dat[[1]])
dat

## [[1]]
##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "carrot"
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "3"

As with all functions in the redis_api object, all functions and their arguments are described in the Redis documentation.

Pipelining

Every command set to Redis costs a round trip; even over the loopback interface this can be expensive if done a very large number of times. Redis offers two ways of minimising this problem; pipelining and lua scripting. redux supports both.

To pipeline, use the pipeline method of the hiredis object:

redis <- redux::redis
r$pipeline(
  redis$PING(),
  redis$PING())

## [[1]]
## [Redis: PONG]
##
## [[2]]
## [Redis: PONG]

Here, redis is a special object within the package that implements all the Redis commands but only formats them for use rather than sends them. The pipeline method collects these all up and sends them to the server in a single batch, with the result returned as a list.

If arguments are named, then the return value is named:

r$pipeline(
  a = redis$INCR("x"),
  b = redis$INCR("x"),
  c = redis$DEL("x"))

## $a
## [1] 1
##
## $b
## [1] 2
##
## $c
## [1] 1

here a variable “x” was incremented twice and then deleted.

If you use pipelining you should read the Redis page on it (http://redis.io/topics/pipelining) because there are a few restrictions and cautions.

Generating very large numbers (or variable numbers) of commands with the above interface will be difficult because pipeline uses the dots argument. Instead, you can pass a list of commands to the .commands argument of pipeline:

cmds <- lapply(seq_len(4), function(.) redis$PING())
r$pipeline(.commands = cmds)

## [[1]]
## [Redis: PONG]
##
## [[2]]
## [Redis: PONG]
##
## [[3]]
## [Redis: PONG]
##
## [[4]]
## [Redis: PONG]

Subscriptions

On top of the key/value store aspect of Redis, it also offers a publisher/subscriber model. Publishing with redux is straightforward; use the PUBLISH method:

r$PUBLISH("mychannel", "hello")

## [1] 0

The return value here is the number of subscribers to that channel; in our case zero!

The SUBSCRIBE method should not be used as the client cannot deal with messages directly (it is disabled in the interface to prevent this).

Instead, use the subscribe (lower case) method. This takes arguments:

• channel: name or pattern of the channel/s to subscribe to (scalar or vector).

• transform: A function that takes each message and processes it. Messages are R lists with elements: type, pattern (if a pattern was used), channel and value (see the Redis docs). Your transform function can turn this into anything it wants, and may have side effects such as printing to the screen, writing to a file, etc.

• terminate: A termination criterion. given a transformed message (i.e., the result of transform(x)) return TRUE if we’re processing messages. Optional, but if not used set n to a finite number.

• collect: logical indicating if transformed messages should be collected and returned on exit.

• n: maximum number of messages to collect; once n messages have been collected we will terminate regardless of terminate.

• pattern: logical indicating if channel should be interpreted as a pattern.

• envir: environment in which to evaluate transform and terminate.

That all sounds a lot more complicated it really is. To collect all messages on the "mychannel" channel, stopping after 100 messages or a message reading exactly “goodbye” you would write:

res <- r$subscribe("mychannel",
                   transform = function(x) x$value,
                   terminate = function(x) identical(x, "goodbye"),
                   n = 100)

NOTE: you need to be careful here - hiredis internally uses a blocking read which cannot be interrupted with Ctrl-C once started unless a message is received on the channels being listened to!

To test this out, we need a second process that will publish to the channel (or we’ll wait forever). This function will publish the first 20 values out of the Nile data set.

r <- redux::hiredis()
for (i in Nile[1:20]) {
  Sys.sleep(.05)
  r$PUBLISH("mychannel", i)
}
r$PUBLISH("mychannel", "goodbye")

This file is at path_to_publisher (in R’s temporary directory) and can be run with:

system2(file.path(R.home("bin"), "Rscript"), path_to_publisher,
        wait = FALSE, stdout = FALSE, stderr = FALSE)

to start the publisher.

Let’s add a little debugging information to the transform function, and set the subscriber off:

transform <- function(x) {
  message(format(Sys.time(), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%OS3"),
          ": got message: ",
          x$value)
  x$value
}

res <- r$subscribe("mychannel",
                   transform = transform,
                   terminate = function(x) identical(x, "goodbye"),
                   n = 100)

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.556: got message: 1120

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.614: got message: 1160

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.657: got message: 963

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.708: got message: 1210

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.758: got message: 1160

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.809: got message: 1160

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.860: got message: 813

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.910: got message: 1230

## 2022-01-07 18:13:34.961: got message: 1370

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.011: got message: 1140

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.062: got message: 995

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.113: got message: 935

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.163: got message: 1110

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.214: got message: 994

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.265: got message: 1020

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.315: got message: 960

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.366: got message: 1180

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.416: got message: 799

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.467: got message: 958

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.518: got message: 1140

## 2022-01-07 18:13:35.518: got message: goodbye

The timestamps in the printed output show when the message was received (with fractional seconds so that this is more obvious since this only takes ~1s to complete).

The res object contains all the values, including the “goodbye” that was our end-of-stream message:

unlist(res)

##  [1] "1120"    "1160"    "963"     "1210"    "1160"    "1160"    "813"
##  [8] "1230"    "1370"    "1140"    "995"     "935"     "1110"    "994"
## [15] "1020"    "960"     "1180"    "799"     "958"     "1140"    "goodbye"

Potential applications

Because redux exposes all of Redis, you can roll your own data structures.

First, a generator object that sets up a new list at key within the database r.

rlist <- function(..., key = "rlist", r = redux::hiredis()) {
  dat <- vapply(c(...), redux::object_to_string, character(1))
  r$RPUSH(key, dat)
  ret <- list(r = r, key = key)
  class(ret) <- "rlist"
  ret
}

Then some S3 methods that work with this object. I’ve only implemented length and [[, but [ would be useful here too as would print.

length.rlist <- function(x) {
  x$r$LLEN(x$key)
}

`[[.rlist` <- function(x, i, ...) {
  redux::string_to_object(x$r$LINDEX(x$key, i - 1L))
}

`[[<-.rlist` <- function(x, i, value, ...) {
  x$r$LSET(x$key, i - 1L, redux::object_to_string(value))
  x
}

Then we have this weird object we can add things to.

obj <- rlist(1:10)
length(obj) # 10

## [1] 10

obj[[3]]

## [1] 3

obj[[3]] <- "an element"
obj[[3]]

## [1] "an element"

The object has reference semantics so that assignment does not make a copy:

obj2 <- obj
obj2[[2]] <- obj2[[2]] * 2
obj[[2]] == obj2[[2]]

## [1] TRUE

For a better version of this, see storr which does similar things to implement “indexable serialisation”

Scripts

Redis allows storing and evaluating Lua scripts on the redis server. At this point it’s all getting a bit meta (using R to tell Redis to call another dynamic language that drives Redis) but this can be very useful - especially in avoiding race conditions (because a script is atomic) and avoiding roundtrips.

Describing how to write Lua scripts is out of scope for this document but is a bit fiddly. Here is a trivial one that returns the value of a key:

r$SET("key", "a")

## [Redis: OK]

res <- r$EVAL("return redis.call('get', 'key')", 1L, "key", NULL)

This can also be run by pushing the script into Redis and referring to it by SHA:

sha <- r$SCRIPT_LOAD("return redis.call('get', 'key')")
r$SCRIPT_EXISTS(sha)

## [[1]]
## [1] 1

and calling it like so:

r$EVALSHA(sha, 1, "key", NULL)

## [1] "a"

A more interesting example, setting, incrementing and getting a key (this is all do-able with redis commands)

lua <- '
  local keyname = KEYS[1]
  local value = ARGV[1]
  redis.call("SET", keyname, value)
  redis.call("INCR", keyname)
  return redis.call("GET", keyname)'

With the redis_scripts wrapper you can give friendly names to a script:

obj <- redux::redis_scripts(r, set_and_incr = lua)

And then call them by name:

res <- obj("set_and_incr", "foo", "10")
res

## [1] "11"

Getting help

Because the interface redux uses is simply a wrapper around the Redis API, the main source of documentation is the Redis help itself at http://redis.io