Figure-ground diagrams

A single diagram

ox_plot_figure_ground() renders any osm_graph. Here is the bundled real network of central Olinda, Brazil (loaded offline):

g <- ox_example("olinda")
ox_plot_figure_ground(g)

Comparing network form

The package bundles three real networks that span the morphological spectrum: a rigid grid (Midtown Manhattan), an irregular colonial core (Olinda), and an ancient organic city (Rome). Side by side, their differences are immediate:

op <- par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
ox_plot_figure_ground(ox_example("manhattan"), title = "Manhattan")
ox_plot_figure_ground(ox_example("olinda"),    title = "Olinda")
ox_plot_figure_ground(ox_example("rome"),      title = "Rome")

par(op)

This is the visual counterpart to street-orientation entropy (see the Street orientation article): Manhattan’s grid reads as a few crisp directions, while Rome’s tangle points everywhere.

Your own places

With network access, build a figure-ground for any place. Cropping each to the same buffer distance keeps the comparison fair:

places <- c("Barcelona, Spain", "Tunis, Tunisia", "Salt Lake City, Utah, USA")
op <- par(mfrow = c(1, 3))
for (p in places) {
  g <- ox_graph_from_address(p, dist = 800, network_type = "drive") |>
    ox_simplify()
  ox_plot_figure_ground(g, title = p)
}
par(op)

Use ox_graph_from_point() with a fixed dist (e.g. 805 m ≈ half a mile) to crop every city to the same one-square-mile window.

References

Boeing, G. (2025). Modeling and analyzing urban networks and amenities with OSMnx. Geographical Analysis.

Boeing, G. (2021). Spatial information and the legibility of urban form. International Journal of Information Management 56.