To cite ndi in publications, please use the following and include the version number and DOI:

Buller ID (2024). ndi: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices, number 0.1.5. doi:10.5281/zenodo.6989030, https://cran.r-project.org/package=ndi.

If you computed RI (Anthopolos) values, please also cite:

Anthopolos R, James SA, Gelfand AE, Miranda ML (2011). “A spatial measure of neighborhood level racial isolation applied to low birthweight, preterm birth, and birthweight in North Carolina.” Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology, 2(4), 235–246. doi:10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002.

If you computed AI (Atkinson) values, please also cite:

Atkinson AB (1970). “On the measurement of inequality.” Journal of economic theory, 2(3), 244–263. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6.

If you computed II (Bell) values, please also cite (1):

Shevky E, Williams M (1949). The Social Areas of Los Angeles: Analysis and Typology, 1st edition edition. John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation. ISBN 978-0-837-15637-8.

And (2):

Bell W (1954). “A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation.” Social Forces, 32, 357–364. doi:10.2307/2574118.

If you computed LEx/Is (Bemanian & Beyer) values, please also cite:

Bemanian A, Beyer KM (2017). “Measures Matter: The Local Exposure/Isolation (LEx/Is) Metrics and Relationships between Local-Level Segregation and Breast Cancer Survival.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 26, 516–524. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0926.

If you computed EI (Bravo) values, please also cite:

Bravo MA, Leong MC, Gelfand AE, Miranda ML (2021). “Assessing Disparity Using Measures of Racial and Educational Isolation.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9384. doi:10.3390/ijerph18179384.

If you computed DI (Duncan & Duncan) values, please also cite:

Duncan OD, Duncan B (1955). “A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes.” American Sociological Review, 20(2), 210–217. doi:10.2307/2088328.

If you retrieved Gini Index values, please also cite:

Gini C (1921). “Measurement of Inequality of Incomes.” The Economic Journal, 31(121), 124–126. doi:10.2307/2223319.

If you computed ICE (Krieger) values, please also cite (1):

Feldman JM, Waterman PD, Coull BA, Krieger N (2015). “Spatial social polarisation: using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes jointly for income and race/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69, 1199–207. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205728.

And (2):

Krieger N, Waterman PD, Spasojevic J, Li W, Li W, Van Wye G (2016). “Public Health Monitoring of Privilege and Deprivation With the Index of Concentration at the Extremes.” American Journal of Public Health , 106, 256–263. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955.

If you computed NDI (Messer) values, please also cite:

Messer LC, Laraia BA, Kaufman JS, Eyster J, Holzman C, Culhane J, Elo I, Burke J, O'Campo P (2006). “The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation index.” Journal of Urban Health, 83(6), 1041–1062. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x.

If you computed NDI (Powell-Wiley) values, please also cite (1):

Andrews MA, Tomura K, Claudel SE, Xu S, Ceasar JN, Collins BS, Langerman S, Mitchell VM, Baumer Y, Powell-Wiley TM (2020). “Geospatial analysis of neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) for the United States by county.” Journal of Maps, 16, 101–112. doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066.

And (2):

Slotman BA, Stinchcomb DG, Powell-Wiley TM, Ostendorf DM, Saelens BE, Gorin AA, Zenk SN, Berrigan D (2022). “Environmental data and methods from the Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) core measures environmental working group.” Data in Brief, 41, 108002. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002.

If you computed LQ (Sudano) values, please also cite (1):

Merton RK (1938). “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682. doi:10.2307/2084686.

And (2):

Sudano JJ, Perzynski A, Wong DW, Colabianchi N, Litaker D (2013). “Neighborhood racial residential segregation and changes in health or death among older adults.” Health & Place, 19, 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015.

If you computed V (White) values, please also cite (1):

Bell W (1954). “A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological Segregation.” Social Forces, 32, 357–364. doi:10.2307/2574118.

And (2):

White MJ (1986). “Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population Distribution.” Population Index, 52, 198–221. doi:10.2307/3644339.

Corresponding BibTeX entries:

  @Manual{,
    title = {ndi: Neighborhood Deprivation Indices},
    author = {Ian D. Buller},
    publisher = {The Comprehensive R Archive Network},
    year = {2024},
    number = {0.1.5},
    doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6989030},
    url = {https://cran.r-project.org/package=ndi},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {A spatial measure of neighborhood level racial isolation
      applied to low birthweight, preterm birth, and birthweight in
      North Carolina},
    author = {Rebecca Anthopolos and Sherman A. James and Alan E.
      Gelfand and Marie Lynn Miranda},
    journal = {Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology},
    year = {2011},
    volume = {2},
    number = {4},
    pages = {235--246},
    doi = {10.1016/j.sste.2011.06.002},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {On the measurement of inequality},
    author = {Anthony B. Atkinson},
    journal = {Journal of economic theory},
    year = {1970},
    volume = {2},
    number = {3},
    pages = {244--263},
    doi = {10.1016/0022-0531(70)90039-6},
  }

  @Book{,
    title = {The Social Areas of Los Angeles: Analysis and Typology},
    author = {Eshref Shevky and Marilyn Williams},
    year = {1949},
    edition = {1st edition},
    city = {Los Angeles},
    publisher = {John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation},
    isbn = {978-0-837-15637-8},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological
      Segregation},
    author = {Wendell Bell},
    journal = {Social Forces},
    year = {1954},
    volume = {32},
    issue = {4},
    pages = {357--364},
    doi = {10.2307/2574118},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Measures Matter: The Local Exposure/Isolation (LEx/Is)
      Metrics and Relationships between Local-Level Segregation and
      Breast Cancer Survival},
    author = {Amin Bemanian and Kirsten M.M. Beyer},
    journal = {Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention},
    year = {2017},
    volume = {26},
    issue = {4},
    pages = {516--524},
    doi = {10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0926},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Assessing Disparity Using Measures of Racial and
      Educational Isolation},
    author = {Mercedes A. Bravo and Man Chong Leong and Alan E. Gelfand
      and Marie Lynn Miranda},
    journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and
      Public Health},
    year = {2021},
    volume = {18},
    number = {17},
    pages = {9384},
    doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179384},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes},
    author = {Otis D. Duncan and Beverly Duncan},
    journal = {American Sociological Review},
    year = {1955},
    volume = {20},
    number = {2},
    pages = {210--217},
    doi = {10.2307/2088328},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Measurement of Inequality of Incomes},
    author = {Corrado Gini},
    journal = {The Economic Journal},
    year = {1921},
    volume = {31},
    number = {121},
    pages = {124--126},
    doi = {10.2307/2223319},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Spatial social polarisation: using the Index of
      Concentration at the Extremes jointly for income and
      race/ethnicity to analyse risk of hypertension},
    author = {Justin M. Feldman and Pamela D. Waterman and Brent A.
      Coull and Nancy Krieger},
    journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health},
    year = {2015},
    volume = {69},
    issue = {12},
    pages = {1199--207},
    doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-205728},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Public Health Monitoring of Privilege and Deprivation With
      the Index of Concentration at the Extremes},
    author = {Nancy Krieger and Pamela D. Waterman and Jasmina
      Spasojevic and Wenhui Li and Wenhui Li and Gretchen {Van Wye}},
    journal = {American Journal of Public Health },
    year = {2016},
    volume = {106},
    issue = {2},
    pages = {256--263},
    doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2015.302955},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {The development of a standardized neighborhood deprivation
      index},
    author = {Lynne C. Messer and Barbara A. Laraia and Jay S. Kaufman
      and Janet Eyster and Claudia Holzman and Jennifer Culhane and
      Irma Elo and Jessica Burke and Patricia O'Campo},
    journal = {Journal of Urban Health},
    year = {2006},
    volume = {83},
    number = {6},
    pages = {1041--1062},
    doi = {10.1007/s11524-006-9094-x},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Geospatial analysis of neighborhood deprivation index
      (NDI) for the United States by county},
    author = {Marcus A. Andrews and Kosuke Tomura and Sophie E. Claudel
      and Samantha Xu and Joniqua N. Ceasar and Billy S. Collins and
      Steven Langerman and Valerie M. Mitchell and Yvonne Baumer and
      Tiffany M. Powell-Wiley},
    journal = {Journal of Maps},
    year = {2020},
    volume = {16},
    issue = {1},
    pages = {101--112},
    doi = {10.1080/17445647.2020.1750066},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Environmental data and methods from the Accumulating Data
      to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) core measures
      environmental working group},
    author = {Beth A. Slotman and David G Stinchcomb and Tiffany M.
      Powell-Wiley and Danielle M. Ostendorf and Brian E. Saelens and
      Amy A. Gorin and Shannon N. Zenk and David Berrigan},
    journal = {Data in Brief},
    year = {2022},
    volume = {41},
    pages = {108002},
    doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2022.108002},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Social Structure and Anomie},
    author = {Robert K. Merton},
    journal = {American Sociological Review},
    year = {1938},
    volume = {3},
    number = {5},
    pages = {672--682},
    doi = {10.2307/2084686},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Neighborhood racial residential segregation and changes in
      health or death among older adults},
    author = {Joseph J. Sudano and Adam Perzynski and David W. Wong and
      Natalie Colabianchi and David Litaker},
    journal = {Health & Place},
    year = {2013},
    volume = {19},
    pages = {80--88},
    doi = {10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.015},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {A Probability Model for the Measurement of Ecological
      Segregation},
    author = {Wendell Bell},
    journal = {Social Forces},
    year = {1954},
    volume = {32},
    issue = {4},
    pages = {357--364},
    doi = {10.2307/2574118},
  }

  @Article{,
    title = {Segregation and Diversity Measures in Population
      Distribution},
    author = {Michael J. White},
    journal = {Population Index},
    year = {1986},
    volume = {52},
    issue = {2},
    pages = {198--221},
    doi = {10.2307/3644339},
  }