Approximating the sum of lognormal random variables
Lo 2013 derived the following formula for the approximation of the sum of several correlated lognormal random variables by a lognormal distribution. S+=E[∑iXi]=∑iE[Xi]=∑ieμi+σ2i/2σ2S=1/S2+∑i,jcorijσiσjE[Xi]E[Xj]=1/S2+∑i,jcorijσiσjeμi+σ2i/2eμj+σ2j/2μS=ln(S+)−σ2S/2 where S+ is the expected value of the sum, i.e the sum of the expected values of the terms. μs and σS are lognormal distribution parameters of the sum, μi and σi are the lognormal distribution parameters of the added random variables, and corij is the correlation between two added random variables at log scale, which for time is computed from estimated autocorrelation ρk.
This method is implemented with function estimateSumLognormal, where the full correlation matrix is specified. For computational efficiency, the correlation length can be specified and correlations further apart will not contribute to the sum.
Two uncorrelated random variables
# generate nSample values of two lognormal random variables
mu1 = log(110)
mu2 = log(100)
sigma1 = 0.25
sigma2 = 0.15
(coefSum <- estimateSumLognormal( c(mu1,mu2), c(sigma1,sigma2) ))## mu sigma
## 5.3576474 0.1499077A check by random numbers shows close correspondence.
Many correlated variables
Generating observations and log-normally distributed random errors
We generate 10000 Observations of a sum of 100 random variables with mean 10 and multiplicative standard deviation of 1.7.
if (!requireNamespace("mvtnorm")) {
warning("Remainder of the vignette required mvtnorm installed.")
knitr::opts_chunk$set(error = TRUE)
}
nObs <- 100; nRep <- 10000
#nObs <- 1000; nRep <- 100
xTrue <- rep(10, nObs)
sigmaStar <- rep(1.7, nObs) # multiplicative stddev
theta <- getParmsLognormForExpval(xTrue, sigmaStar)
# generate observations with correlated errors
acf1 <- c(0.4,0.1)
corrM <- setMatrixOffDiagonals(
diag(nrow = nObs), value = acf1, isSymmetric = TRUE)
xObsN <- exp(mvtnorm::rmvnorm(
nRep, mean = theta[,1]
, sigma = diag(theta[,2]) %*% corrM %*% diag(theta[,2])))A single draw of the autocorrelated 100 variables looks like the following. 
Estimating the correlation matrix and effective number of parameters
We can estimate the autocorrelation matrix by assuming that it depends only on the distance in time, and estimate the autocorrelation matrix.
The original autocorrelation function used to generate the sample was:
## [1] 1.0 0.4 0.1The effective autocorrelation function estimated from the sample is:
(effAcf <- computeEffectiveAutoCorr(ds$xErr))## [1] 1.00000000 0.39109457 0.16851031 0.08212736 0.07163112 0.07725655(nEff <- computeEffectiveNumObs(ds$xErr))## [1] 39.24194Due to autocorrelation, the effective number of parameters is less than nObs = 100.
Computing the mean and its standard deviation
First we compute the distribution parameter of the sum of the 100 variables. The multiplicative uncertainty has decreased from 1.7.
#coefSum <- estimateSumLognormal( theta[,1], theta[,2], effAcf = effAcf )
coefSum <- estimateSumLognormal( theta[,1], theta[,2], effAcf = c(1,acf1) )
setNames(exp(coefSum["sigma"]), "sigmaStar")## sigmaStar
## 1.077687Its expected value corresponds to the sum of expected values (100*10).
(sumExp <- getLognormMoments( coefSum[1], coefSum[2])[1,"mean"])## mean
## 1000The lognormal approximation of the distribution of the sum, is close to the distribution of the 10000 repetitions.
The mean is the sum divided by the number of observations, n. While the multiplicative standard deviation does not change by this operation, the location parameter is obtained by dividing by n at original scale, hence, subtracting log(n) at log-scale.
(coefMean <- setNames(c(coefSum["mu"] - log(nObs), coefSum["sigma"]), c("mu","sigma")))## mu sigma
## 2.2997863 0.0748167And we can plot the estimated distribution of the mean. 