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Title:

Google Traffic

Version:

0.1.7

Description:

Create geographically referenced traffic data from the Google Maps JavaScript API https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/examples/layer-traffic.

License:

MIT + file LICENSE

Encoding:

UTF-8

RoxygenNote:

7.3.1

URL:

https://dime-worldbank.github.io/googletraffic/

BugReports:

https://github.com/dime-worldbank/googletraffic/issues

Imports:

dplyr, googleway, htmlwidgets, plotwidgets, png, sf, sp, stringr, webshot2, raster, ColorNameR, schemr

NeedsCompilation:

Packaged:

2024-09-04 19:25:33 UTC; robmarty

Author:

Robert Marty

[aut, cre]

Maintainer:

Robert Marty <rmarty@worldbank.org>

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2024-09-04 21:30:02 UTC

Converts PNG to raster

Description

Converts PNG of Google traffic data to raster and translates color values to traffic values

Usage

gt_load_png_as_traffic_raster(
  filename,
  location,
  height,
  width,
  zoom,
  traffic_color_dist_thresh = 4.6,
  traffic_color_dist_metric = "CIEDE2000"
)

Arguments

filename

Filename of PNG file

location

Vector of latitude and longitude used to create PNG file using gt_make_png()

height

Height (in pixels; pixel length depends on zoom) used to create PNG file using gt_make_png()

width

Width (in pixels; pixel length depends on zoom) used to create PNG file using gt_make_png()

zoom

Zoom level used to create PNG file using gt_make_png()

traffic_color_dist_thresh

Google traffic relies on four main base colors: ⁠#63D668⁠ for no traffic, ⁠#FF974D⁠ for medium traffic, ⁠#F23C32⁠ for high traffic, and ⁠#811F1F⁠ for heavy traffic. Slight variations of these colors can also represent traffic. By default, the base colors and all colors within a 4.6 color distance of each base color are used to define traffic; by default, the CIEDE2000 metric is used to determine color distance. A value of 2.3 is one threshold used to define a "just noticeable distance" (JND) between colors (by default, 2 X JND is used). This parameter changes the color distance from the base colors used to define colors as traffic. For more information, see here.

traffic_color_dist_metric

See above; this parameter changes the metric used to calculate distances between colors. By default, CIEDE2000 is used; CIE76 and CIE94 can also be used. For more information, see here.

Value

Returns a raster where each pixel represents traffic level (1 = no traffic, 2 = medium traffic, 3 = traffic delays, 4 = heavy traffic)

References

Markus Hilpert, Jenni A. Shearston, Jemaleddin Cole, Steven N. Chillrud, and Micaela E. Martinez. Acquisition and analysis of crowd-sourced traffic data. CoRR, abs/2105.12235, 2021.

Pavel Pokorny. Determining traffic levels in cities using google maps. In 2017 Fourth International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry (MCSI), pages 144–147, 2017.

Examples

## Not run: 
## Make png
gt_make_png(location     = c(40.712778, -74.006111),
            height       = 1000,
            width        = 1000,
            zoom         = 16,
            out_filename = "google_traffic.png",
            google_key   = "GOOGLE-KEY-HERE")

## Load png as traffic raster
r <- gt_load_png_as_traffic_raster(filename = "google_traffic.png",
                                   location = c(40.712778, -74.006111),
                                   height   = 1000,
                                   width    = 1000,
                                   zoom     = 16)

## End(Not run)

Creates Grid to Query Google Traffic

Description

Creates a grid of sf polygons, where traffic data for each polygon can then be queried using gt_make_raster_from_grid().

Usage

gt_make_grid(
  polygon,
  zoom,
  height_width_max = 2000,
  height = NULL,
  width = NULL,
  reduce_hw = 10
)

Arguments

polygon

Polygon (sf object or SpatialPolygonsDataframe) in WGS84 CRS the defines region to be queried.

zoom

Zoom level; integer from 5 to 20. For more information about how zoom levels correspond to pixel size, see here and here.

height_width_max

Maximum pixel height and width to check using for each grid (pixel length depends on zoom). If the same number of grids can be made with a smaller height/width, the function will use a smaller height/width. If height and width are specified, that height and width will be used and height_width_max will be ignored. (Default: 2000)

height

Height, in pixels, for each grid (pixel length depends on zoom). Enter a height to manually specify the height; otherwise, a height of height_width_max or smaller will be used.

width

Pixel, in pixels, for each grid (pixel length depends on zoom). Enter a width to manually specify the width; otherwise, a width of height_width_max or smaller will be used.

reduce_hw

Number of pixels to reduce height/width by. Doing so creates some overlap between grids to ensure there is not blank space between grids. (Default: 10).

Value

Returns an sf dataframe with the locations to query, including parameters needed for gt_make_raster_from_grid()

Examples

## Make polygon
poly_sf <- c(xmin = -74.02426,
             xmax = -73.91048,
             ymin = 40.70042,
             ymax = 40.87858) |>
  sf::st_bbox() |>
  sf::st_as_sfc() |>
  sf::st_as_sf()

sf::st_crs(poly_sf) <- 4326

## Make grid using polygon
grid_sf <- gt_make_grid(polygon = poly_sf,
                        height  = 2000,
                        width   = 2000,
                        zoom    = 16)

Make Google Traffic PNG

Description

Make a png file of Google traffic data. The gt_load_png_as_traffic_raster() function can then be used to convert the png into a traffic raster

Usage

gt_make_png(
  location,
  height,
  width,
  zoom,
  out_filename,
  google_key,
  webshot_zoom = 1,
  webshot_delay = NULL,
  print_progress = TRUE
)

Arguments

location

Vector of latitude and longitude

height

Height (in pixels; pixel length depends on zoom)

width

Width (in pixels; pixel length depends on zoom)

zoom

Zoom level; integer from 5 to 20. For more information about how zoom levels correspond to pixel size, see here and here.

out_filename

Filename of PNG file to make

google_key

Google API key, where the Maps JavaScript API is enabled. To create a Google API key, follow these instructions.

webshot_zoom

How many pixels should be created relative to height and width values. If height and width are set to 100 and webshot_zoom is set to 2, the resulting raster will have dimensions of about ⁠200x200⁠ (default: 1).

webshot_delay

How long to wait for Google traffic layer to render. Larger height/widths require longer delay times. If NULL, the following delay time (in seconds) is used: delay = max(height,width)/200.

print_progress

Whether to print function progress (default: TRUE)

Value

Returns a PNG file showing traffic levels.

References

Markus Hilpert, Jenni A. Shearston, Jemaleddin Cole, Steven N. Chillrud, and Micaela E. Martinez. Acquisition and analysis of crowd-sourced traffic data. CoRR, abs/2105.12235, 2021.

Pavel Pokorny. Determining traffic levels in cities using google maps. In 2017 Fourth International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry (MCSI), pages 144–147, 2017.

Examples

## Not run: 
gt_make_png(location     = c(40.712778, -74.006111),
            height       = 1000,
            width        = 1000,
            zoom         = 16,
            out_filename = "google_traffic.png",
            google_key   = "GOOGLE-KEY-HERE")

## End(Not run)

Make Google Traffic Raster

Description

Make a raster of Google traffic data, where each pixel has one of four values indicating traffic volume (no traffic, light, moderate, and heavy).

Usage

gt_make_raster(
  location,
  height,
  width,
  zoom,
  google_key,
  traffic_color_dist_thresh = 4.6,
  traffic_color_dist_metric = "CIEDE2000",
  webshot_zoom = 1,
  webshot_delay = NULL,
  print_progress = TRUE
)

Arguments

location

Vector of latitude and longitude

height

Height (in pixels; pixel length depends on zoom)

width

Width (in pixels; pixel length depends on zoom)

zoom

Zoom level; integer from 5 to 20. For more information about how zoom levels correspond to pixel size, see here and here.

google_key

Google API key, where the Maps JavaScript API is enabled. To create a Google API key, follow these instructions.

traffic_color_dist_thresh

traffic_color_dist_metric

See above; this parameter changes the metric used to calculate distances between colors. By default, CIEDE2000 is used; CIE76 and CIE94 can also be used. For more information, see here.

webshot_zoom

webshot_delay

How long to wait for Google traffic layer to render. Larger height/widths require longer delay times. If NULL, the following delay time (in seconds) is used: delay = max(height,width)/200.

print_progress

Whether to print function progress (default: TRUE)

Value

Returns a georeferenced raster. Raster pixels can contain the following values: 1 = no traffic; 2 = medium traffic; 3 = high traffic; 4 = heavy traffic.

References

Markus Hilpert, Jenni A. Shearston, Jemaleddin Cole, Steven N. Chillrud, and Micaela E. Martinez. Acquisition and analysis of crowd-sourced traffic data. CoRR, abs/2105.12235, 2021.

Pavel Pokorny. Determining traffic levels in cities using google maps. In 2017 Fourth International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry (MCSI), pages 144–147, 2017.

Examples

## Not run: 
r <- gt_make_raster(location   = c(40.712778, -74.006111),
                    height     = 1000,
                    width      = 1000,
                    zoom       = 16,
                    google_key = "GOOGLE-KEY-HERE")

## End(Not run)

Make Google Traffic Raster Based on Grid of Coordinates

Description

Make a raster of Google traffic data, where each pixel has one of four values indicating traffic volume (no traffic, light, moderate, and heavy).

Usage

gt_make_raster_from_grid(
  grid_param_df,
  google_key,
  traffic_color_dist_thresh = 4.6,
  traffic_color_dist_metric = "CIEDE2000",
  webshot_zoom = 1,
  webshot_delay = NULL,
  return_list_of_rasters = FALSE,
  print_progress = TRUE
)

Arguments

grid_param_df

Grid parameter dataframe produced from gt_make_grid()

google_key

Google API key, where the Maps JavaScript API is enabled. To create a Google API key, follow these instructions.

traffic_color_dist_thresh

traffic_color_dist_metric

See above; this parameter changes the metric used to calculate distances between colors. By default, CIEDE2000 is used; CIE76 and CIE94 can also be used. For more information, see here.

webshot_zoom

webshot_delay

How long to wait for Google traffic layer to render. Larger height/widths require longer delay times. If NULL, the following delay time (in seconds) is used: delay = max(height,width)/200.

return_list_of_rasters

Instead of merging traffic rasters produced for each grid together into one large raster, return a list of rasters (default: FALSE)

print_progress

Whether to print function progress (default: TRUE)

Value

Returns a georeferenced raster. Raster pixels can contain the following values: 1 = no traffic; 2 = medium traffic; 3 = high traffic; 4 = heavy traffic.

References

Markus Hilpert, Jenni A. Shearston, Jemaleddin Cole, Steven N. Chillrud, and Micaela E. Martinez. Acquisition and analysis of crowd-sourced traffic data. CoRR, abs/2105.12235, 2021.

Pavel Pokorny. Determining traffic levels in cities using google maps. In 2017 Fourth International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry (MCSI), pages 144–147, 2017.

Examples

## Not run: 
## Grab polygon of Manhattan
us_sp <- raster::getData('GADM', country='USA', level=2)
ny_sp <- us_sp[us_sp$NAME_2 %in% "New York",]

## Make Grid
grid_df <- gt_make_grid(polygon = ny_sp,
                       height   = 2000,
                       width    = 2000,
                       zoom     = 16)

## Make raster from grid                        
r <- gt_make_raster_from_grid(grid_param_df = grid_clean_df,
                              google_key    = "GOOGLE-KEY-HERE")

## End(Not run)

Make Google Traffic Raster Based on Polygon

Description

Make a raster of Google traffic data, where each pixel has one of four values indicating traffic volume (no traffic, light, moderate, and heavy).

Usage

gt_make_raster_from_polygon(
  polygon,
  zoom,
  google_key,
  height_width_max = 2000,
  height = NULL,
  width = NULL,
  traffic_color_dist_thresh = 4.6,
  traffic_color_dist_metric = "CIEDE2000",
  webshot_zoom = 1,
  webshot_delay = NULL,
  reduce_hw = 10,
  return_list_of_rasters = FALSE,
  mask_to_polygon = TRUE,
  print_progress = TRUE
)

Arguments

polygon

Polygon (sf object or SpatialPolygonsDataframe) in WGS84 CRS

zoom

Zoom level; integer from 5 to 20. For more information about how zoom levels correspond to pixel size, see here and here.

google_key

Google API key, where the Maps JavaScript API is enabled. To create a Google API key, follow these instructions.

height_width_max

Maximum pixel height and width to check using for each API query (pixel length depends on zoom). If the same number of API queries can be made with a smaller height/width, the function will use a smaller height/width. If height and width are specified, that height and width will be used and height_width_max will be ignored. (Default: 2000)

height

Height, in pixels, for each API query (pixel length depends on zoom). Enter a height to manually specify the height; otherwise, a height of height_width_max or smaller will be used.

width

Pixel, in pixels, for each API query (pixel length depends on zoom). Enter a width to manually specify the width; otherwise, a width of height_width_max or smaller will be used.

traffic_color_dist_thresh

traffic_color_dist_metric

See above; this parameter changes the metric used to calculate distances between colors. By default, CIEDE2000 is used; CIE76 and CIE94 can also be used. For more information, see here.

webshot_zoom

webshot_delay

How long to wait for Google traffic layer to render (in seconds). Larger height/widths require longer delay times. If NULL, the following delay time (in seconds) is used: delay = max(height,width)/200.

reduce_hw

Number of pixels to reduce height/width by. Doing so creates some overlap between grids to ensure there is not blank space between tiles. (Default: 10).

return_list_of_rasters

Whether to return a list of raster tiles instead of mosaicing together. (Default: FALSE).

mask_to_polygon

Whether to mask raster to polygon. (Default: TRUE).

print_progress

Show progress for which grid / API query has been processed. (Default: TRUE).

Value

Returns a georeferenced raster. Raster pixels can contain the following values: 1 = no traffic; 2 = medium traffic; 3 = high traffic; 4 = heavy traffic.

References

Markus Hilpert, Jenni A. Shearston, Jemaleddin Cole, Steven N. Chillrud, and Micaela E. Martinez. Acquisition and analysis of crowd-sourced traffic data. CoRR, abs/2105.12235, 2021.

Pavel Pokorny. Determining traffic levels in cities using google maps. In 2017 Fourth International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry (MCSI), pages 144–147, 2017.

Examples

## Not run: 
## Grab polygon of Manhattan
us_sp <- raster::getData('GADM', country='USA', level=2)
ny_sp <- us_sp[us_sp$NAME_2 %in% "New York",]

## Make raster
r <- gt_make_raster_from_polygon(polygon    = ny_sp,
                                 height     = 2000,
                                 width      = 2000,
                                 zoom       = 16,
                                 google_key = "GOOGLE-KEY-HERE")

## End(Not run)

Mosaic rasters with different origins and resolutions

Description

The raster::mosaic() function requires rasters to have the same origin and resolution. However, when producing multiple rasters to query traffic data across a large study area, the rasters will not have the same origins and may not have the same resolutions (in cases where rasters at different latitudes are queried). gt_mosaic() allows for mosaicing rasters with different origins and resolutions.

Usage

gt_mosaic(r_list)

Arguments

r_list

List of rasters

Value

Returns a raster.

Examples

r1 <- raster::raster(ncol=10, nrow=10, xmn = -10, xmx = 1,  ymn = -10, ymx = 1)
r2 <- raster::raster(ncol=10, nrow=10, xmn = 0,   xmx = 10, ymn = 0,   ymx = 10)
r3 <- raster::raster(ncol=10, nrow=10, xmn = 9,   xmx = 20, ymn = 9,   ymx = 20)

r123 <- list(r1, r2, r3)

r <- gt_mosaic(r123)