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This article applies cw_test() to the
nrtz2014 bundled dataset: the 14 binary technical
indicators used in Neely, Rapach, Tu and Zhou (2014). The benchmark is
the prevailing historical mean and the alternative is a bivariate
predictive regression on a single technical indicator.
recursive_forecasts <- function(y, x, R) {
P <- length(y) - R
e1 <- e2 <- f1 <- f2 <- numeric(P)
for (j in seq_len(P)) {
ty <- y[1:(R + j - 1)]
tx <- x[1:(R + j - 1)]
f1[j] <- mean(ty)
fit <- lm(yt ~ xlag, data = data.frame(yt = ty[-1], xlag = tx[-length(tx)]))
f2[j] <- as.numeric(predict(fit, newdata = data.frame(xlag = tx[length(tx)])))
e1[j] <- y[R + j] - f1[j]
e2[j] <- y[R + j] - f2[j]
}
list(e1 = e1, e2 = e2, f1 = f1, f2 = f2)
}
run_cw <- function(data, predictors, R) {
do.call(rbind, lapply(predictors, function(p) {
fc <- recursive_forecasts(data$eq_prem, data[[p]], R = R)
res <- cw_test(fc$e1, fc$e2, fc$f1, fc$f2)
data.frame(predictor = p,
R2OS_pct = unname(res$r2os),
CW_stat = unname(res$statistic),
p_value = unname(res$pvalue))
}))
}Initial window of 181 months (1950-12 to 1965-12); out-of-sample period 1966-01 to 2011-12.
preds_nr <- c("MA_1_9", "MA_2_12", "MOM_9", "MOM_12", "VOL_2_12")
knitr::kable(
run_cw(nrtz2014, preds_nr, R = 181), digits = 3, row.names = FALSE,
col.names = c("Predictor", "$R^2_{OS}$ (%)", "CW stat", "$p$-value"))| Predictor | \(R^2_{OS}\) (%) | CW stat | \(p\)-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| MA_1_9 | 0.235 | 0.981 | 0.163 |
| MA_2_12 | 0.779 | 1.693 | 0.045 |
| MOM_9 | 0.108 | 0.613 | 0.270 |
| MOM_12 | 0.154 | 0.686 | 0.247 |
| VOL_2_12 | 0.331 | 1.121 | 0.131 |
Technical indicators deliver positive \(R^2_{OS}\) with Clark-West statistics that are significant at conventional levels. This is the central finding of Neely et al. (2014): technical signals carry information beyond what macro variables provide.
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