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The core class object is named VEC
If the user creates an R function all input arguments are of type SEXP. Furthermore, is the output always of type SEXP. Beyond that, there exists the possibility to create a function returning an external pointer to the C++ function. If using this interface the parameter passed to the function can be of one of the following types as long as an sexp object is defined as argument for the function.
The variables are directly converted to sexp thereby copying the memory. Thus, the variable can not be used if an function expects a reference of type sexp If the aim is to modify a variable by the user function it is only possible to pass directly a sexp objects by reference. See the example below here a is modified whereas b is copied and thus not altered. The vector v can only be used for the second argument of the function foo.
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast)]]
// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo)]]
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
#include "etr.hpp"
using namespace Rcpp;
using namespace etr;
void foo(sexp& a, sexp b) {
a = b + 1;
b = 1;
}
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void call_fct() {
sexp a = coca(1, 2, 3);
sexp b = coca(1, 2, 3);
foo(a, b);
print(a);
print(b);
Numeric
}
Beyond that using “XPtr” as output argument of the function translate it is possible to specify ptr_vec or a ptr_mat as desired types. If these types are used sexp objects are created which form a shallow wrapper around these pointers. See an example below how this works.
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast)]]
// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo)]]
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
#include "etr.hpp"
#include <Rcpp.h>
using namespace Rcpp;
typedef sexp (*fct_ptr) (double* a_double_ptr, int a_int_size);
// [[Rcpp::export]]
Rcpp::NumericVector fcpp(XPtr<fct_ptr> f) {
fct_ptr fct = *f;
int size = 10;
double* ptr = new double[size];
for(int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
ptr[i] = static_cast<double>(i);
}
Rcpp::NumericVector ret = fct(ptr, size);
delete[] ptr;
return ret;
}f <- function(a) {
d_db = 1
ret <- a + 2 + d_db
return(ret)
}SEXP f(double* a_double_ptr, int a_int_size ) {
double d_db;
sexp ret;
sexp a(a_int_size, a_double_ptr, 2);
d_db = etr::i2d(1);
ret = a + etr::i2d(2) + d_db;
return(ret);
}In this paragraph, a basic example demonstrates how to write the R code, translate it and call it from C++. Particular emphasis is placed on the C++ code. First of all, the R function is defined which accepts one argument called a, adds two to a and stores it into b. The variable b is returned at the end of the function. The R function called f is translated to an external pointer to the C++ function.
f <- function(a) {
b <- a + 2
return(b)
}
library(ast2ast)
f_cpp <- translate(f, output = "XPtr", types_of_args = "sexp", return_type = "sexp")The C++ function depends on RcppArmadillo and ast2ast therefore the required macros and headers were included. Moreover, ETR requires std=c++17 therefore the corresponding plugin is added. The function getXPtr is defined and is the function which is returned. In the last 5 lines, the translated code is depicted. The function f returns a sexp and gets one argument of type sexp called a. The body of the function looks almost identical to the R function. Except that the variable b is defined in the first line of the body with the type sexp. The function i2d converts an integer to a double variable. This is necessary since C++ would identify the 2 as an integer which is not what the user wants in this case.
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast, RcppArmadillo)]]
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
#include <Rcpp.h>
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
using namespace Rcpp;
using namespace etr;
#include <etr.hpp>
// [[Rcpp::export]]
SEXP getXPtr();
sexp f(sexp a) {
sexp b;
b = a + i2d(2);
return(b);
}Afterwards, the translated R function has to be used in C++ code. This would be your package code for example. First, the macros were defined for RcppArmadillo and ast2ast. Subsequently, the necessary header files were included. As already mentioned ast2ast requires std=c++17 thus the required plugin is included. To use the function, it is necessary to dereference the pointer. The result of the dereferenced pointer has to be stored in a function pointer. Later the function pointer can be used to call the translated function. Therefore, a function pointer called fp is defined. It is critical that the signature of the function pointer matches the one of the translated function. Perhaps it would be a good idea to check the R function before it is translated. After defining the function pointer, a function is defined which is called later by the user (called call_package). This function accepts the external pointer. Within the function body, a variable f is defined of type fp and inp is assigned to it. Next, a sexp object called a is defined which stores a vector of length 3 containing 1, 2 and 3. The function coca is equivalent to the c function R. Afterwards a is printed. Followed by the call of the function f and storing the result in a. The variable a is printed again to show that the values are changed according to the code defined in the R function.
// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo, ast2ast)]]
#include "etr.hpp"
// [[Rcpp::plugins("cpp17")]]
typedef sexp (*fp)(sexp a);
using namespace etr;
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void call_package(Rcpp::XPtr<fp> inp) {
fp f = *inp;
sexp a = coca(1, 2, 3);
print(a);
a = f(a);
print("a is now:");
print(a);
}The user can call now the package code and pass the R function to it. Thus, the user only has to install the compiler or Rtools depending on the operating system. But it is not necessary to write the function in Rcpp.
call_package(f_cpp)## 1
## 2
## 3
## a is now:
## 3
## 4
## 5In the last section, the usage of ast2ast was described. However, only sexp variables were defined. Which are most likely not used in your package. Therefore interfaces to common libraries are defined. First of all, ast2ast can communicate with Rcpp which alleviates working with the library substantially. The code below shows that it is possible to pass a sexp object to a variable of type NumericVector or NumericMatrix and vice versa. Here, the data is always copied.
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast, RcppArmadillo)]]
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
#include <Rcpp.h>
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
using namespace Rcpp;
#include <etr.hpp>
using namespace etr;
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void fct() {
// NumericVector to sexp
NumericVector a{1, 2};
sexp a_ = a;
print(a_);
// sexp to NumericVector
sexp b_ = coca(3, 4);
NumericVector b = b_;
Rcpp::Rcout << b << std::endl;
// NumericMatrix to sexp
NumericMatrix c(3, 3);
sexp c_ = c;
print(c_);
// sexp to NumericMatrix
sexp d_ = matrix(colon(1, 16), 4, 4);
NumericMatrix d = d_;
Rcpp::Rcout << d << std::endl;
}trash <- fct()## 1
## 2
## 3 4
## 0 0 0
## 0 0 0
## 0 0 0
## 1.00000 5.00000 9.00000 13.0000
## 2.00000 6.00000 10.0000 14.0000
## 3.00000 7.00000 11.0000 15.0000
## 4.00000 8.00000 12.0000 16.0000Besides Rcpp types, sexp objects can transfer data to RcppArmadillo objects and it is also possible to copy the data from RcppArmadillo types to sexp objects using the operator =. The code below shows that it is possible to pass a sexp object to a variable of type vec or mat and vice versa. Here the data is always copied.
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast, RcppArmadillo)]]
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
#include <Rcpp.h>
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
using namespace arma;
#include <etr.hpp>
using namespace etr;
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void fct() {
// vec to sexp
arma::vec a(4, fill::value(30.0));
sexp a_ = a;
print(a_);
// sexp to vec
sexp b_ = coca(3, 4);
vec b = b_;
b.print();
// mat to sexp
mat c(3, 3, fill::value(31.0));
sexp c_ = c;
print(c_);
// sexp to mat
sexp d_ = matrix(colon(1, 16), 4, 4);
mat d = d_;
d.print();
}trash <- fct()## 30
## 30
## 30
## 30
## 3.0000
## 4.0000
## 31 31 31
## 31 31 31
## 31 31 31
## 1.0000 5.0000 9.0000 13.0000
## 2.0000 6.0000 10.0000 14.0000
## 3.0000 7.0000 11.0000 15.0000
## 4.0000 8.0000 12.0000 16.0000You can pass the information of data stored on heap to a sexp object. The constructor for type vector accepts 3 arguments:
The constructor for the type matrix accepts 4 arguments:
If cob is 0 then the data is copied. Else if cob is 1 then the pointer itself is copied. Meaning that the ownership is transferred to the sexp object and the user should not call delete [] on the pointer. Be aware that only one sexp variable can take ownership of one vector otherwise the memory is double freed. Else if cob is 2 the ownership of the pointer is only borrowed. Meaning that the sexp object cannot be resized. The user is responsible for freeing the memory! The code below shows how the pointer interface works in general. Showing how sexp objects can be created by passing the information of pointers (double*) which hold data on the heap. Currently, only constructors are written which can use the pointer interface.
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast, RcppArmadillo)]]
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
#include <Rcpp.h>
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
using namespace arma;
#include <etr.hpp>
using namespace etr;
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void fct() {
int size = 3;
// copy
double* ptr1;
ptr1 = new double[size];
int cob = 0;
sexp a(size, ptr1, cob);
delete [] ptr1;
a = vector(3.14, 5);
print(a);
print();
// take ownership
double* ptr2;
ptr2 = new double[size];
cob = 1;
sexp b(size, ptr2, cob);
b = vector(5, 3);
print(b);
print();
// borrow ownership
double* ptr3;
ptr3 = new double[size];
cob = 2;
sexp c(size, ptr3, cob);
//error calls resize
//c = vector(5, size + 1);
c = vector(4, size);
print(c);
print();
sexp d(size, ptr3, cob);
d = d + 10;
print(d);
print();
delete[] ptr3;
}
trash <- fct()## 3.14
## 3.14
## 3.14
## 3.14
## 3.14
##
## 5
## 5
## 5
##
## 4
## 4
## 4
##
## 14
## 14
## 14The pointer interface is particularly useful if the user function has
to change the data of a vector or matrix of type NumericVector,
vec, NumericMatrix or mat. Assuming that the
user passes a function that accepts its arguments by reference it is
easy to modify any variable which has a type that can return a pointer
to its data. In the code below it is shown how sexp objects are
constructed using the pointer interface. Thereby changing the content of
variables which has an Rcpp type, a RcppArmadillo type, or is of type
std::vector
// [[Rcpp::depends(ast2ast, RcppArmadillo)]]
#include <RcppArmadillo.h>
#include <Rcpp.h>
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
using namespace Rcpp;
using namespace arma;
#include <etr.hpp>
using namespace etr;
typedef void (*fp)(sexp& a);
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void call_package(Rcpp::XPtr<fp> inp) {
fp f = *inp;
// NumericVector
NumericVector a_rcpp{1, 2, 3};
sexp a(a_rcpp.size(), a_rcpp.begin(), 2);
f(a);
Rcpp::Rcout << a_rcpp << std::endl;
//arma::vec
vec a_arma(2, fill::value(30));
sexp b(2, a_arma.memptr(), 2);
f(b);
a_arma.print();
// NumericMatrix
NumericMatrix c_rcpp(2, 2);
sexp c(2, 2, c_rcpp.begin(), 2);
f(c);
Rcpp::Rcout << c_rcpp << std::endl;
//arma::mat
mat d_arma(3, 2, fill::value(30));
sexp d(3, 2, d_arma.memptr(), 2);
f(d);
d_arma.print();
}
f <- function(a) {
a <- a + 2
}
library(ast2ast)
fa2a <- translate(f, reference = TRUE, output = "XPtr", types_of_args = "sexp", return_type = "void")
trash <- call_package(fa2a)## 3 4 5
## 32.0000
## 32.0000
## 2.00000 2.00000
## 2.00000 2.00000
##
## 32.0000 32.0000
## 32.0000 32.0000
## 32.0000 32.0000These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.
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