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SlimR: Adaptive Machine Learning-Powered, Context-Matching Tool for Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Annotation

Overview

SlimR is an R package for cell-type annotation in single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. Existing marker-based annotation methods typically rely on manually tuned thresholds and operate at a single analytical granularity, limiting their adaptability across diverse datasets. SlimR addresses these challenges through three methodological contributions: (1) a context-matching framework that standardizes heterogeneous marker sources via multi-level biological filtering; (2) a dataset-adaptive parameterization strategy that infers optimal annotation hyperparameters from intrinsic data characteristics, eliminating manual calibration; and (3) a dual-granularity scoring architecture that provides both cluster-level probabilistic assignment and per-cell resolution with manifold-aware spatial smoothing for continuous cell states. A unified Feature Significance Score ensures biologically interpretable marker ranking throughout the workflow.

Table of Contents

1. Preparation
   • 1.1 Installation
   • 1.2 Prepare Seurat Object
2. Standardized Markers_list Input
   • 2.1 From Cellmarker2 Database
   • 2.2 From PanglaoDB Database
   • 2.3 From ScType Database
   • 2.4 From Seurat Objects
   • 2.5 From Excel Tables
   • 2.6 Built-in Markers Lists
3. Automated Annotation Workflow
   • 3.1 Calculate Parameter
   • 3.2 Cluster-Based Annotation
   • 3.3 Per-Cell Annotation
4. Semi-Automated Annotation Workflow
5. Citation
6. License
7. Contact

1. Preparation

1.1 Installation

Option One: CRAN

install.packages("SlimR")

Option Two: GitHub

devtools::install_github("zhaoqing-wang/SlimR")

install.packages(c("cowplot", "dplyr", "ggplot2", "patchwork", 
                   "pheatmap", "readxl", "scales", "Seurat", 
                   "tidyr", "tools"))

install.packages("RANN")

1.2 Prepare Seurat Object

library(SlimR)

# For Seurat objects with multiple layers, join layers first
sce@assays$RNA <- SeuratObject::JoinLayers(sce@assays$RNA)

Important: Ensure your Seurat object has completed standard preprocessing (normalization, scaling, clustering) and batch effect correction.

2. Standardized Markers_list Input

SlimR uses a standardized list format: list names = cell types, first column = marker genes, additional columns = metrics (optional).

2.1 From Cellmarker2 Database

Reference: Hu et al. (2023) doi:10.1093/nar/gkac947

Cellmarker2 <- SlimR::Cellmarker2

Markers_list_Cellmarker2 <- Markers_filter_Cellmarker2(
  Cellmarker2,
  species = "Human",
  tissue_class = "Intestine",
  tissue_type = NULL,
  cancer_type = NULL,
  cell_type = NULL
)

Important: Specify at least species and tissue_class for accurate annotations.

Cellmarker2_table <- SlimR::Cellmarker2_table
View(Cellmarker2_table)

2.2 From PanglaoDB Database

Reference: Franzén et al. (2019) doi:10.1093/database/baz046

PanglaoDB <- SlimR::PanglaoDB

Markers_list_panglaoDB <- Markers_filter_PanglaoDB(
  PanglaoDB,
  species_input = 'Human',
  organ_input = 'GI tract'
)

PanglaoDB_table <- SlimR::PanglaoDB_table
View(PanglaoDB_table)

2.3 From ScType Database

Reference: Ianevski et al. (2022) doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28803-w

ScType <- SlimR::ScType

Markers_list_ScType <- Markers_filter_ScType(
  ScType,
  tissue_type = "Immune system",
  cell_name = NULL
)

Important: Specify tissue_type for accurate annotations.

ScType_table <- SlimR::ScType_table
View(ScType_table)

2.4 From Seurat Objects

seurat_markers <- Seurat::FindAllMarkers(
    object = sce,
    group.by = "Cell_type",
    only.pos = TRUE)

Markers_list_Seurat <- Read_seurat_markers(seurat_markers,
    sources = "Seurat",
    sort_by = "FSS",
    gene_filter = 20
    )

Tip: sort_by = "FSS" ranks by Feature Significance Score (log2FC × Expression ratio). Use sort_by = "avg_log2FC" for fold-change ranking.

seurat_markers <- dplyr::filter(
    presto::wilcoxauc(
      X = sce,
      group_by = "Cell_type",
      seurat_assay = "RNA"
      ),
    padj < 0.05, logFC > 0.5
    )

Markers_list_Seurat <- Read_seurat_markers(seurat_markers,
    sources = "presto",
    sort_by = "FSS",
    gene_filter = 20
    )

2.5 From Excel Tables

Format: Each sheet name = cell type, first row = headers, first column = markers, subsequent columns = metrics (optional).

Markers_list_Excel <- Read_excel_markers("D:/Laboratory/Marker_load.xlsx")

If your Excel file lacks column headers, set has_colnames = FALSE.

2.6 Built-in Markers Lists

SlimR includes curated marker lists for specific annotation tasks:

# Example: Load built-in markers
Markers_list <- SlimR::Markers_list_scIBD

Important: Ensure your input Seurat object matches the tissue/cell type scope of the selected marker list.

3. Automated Annotation Workflow

SlimR provides two automated approaches: Cluster-Based (one label per cluster, fast) and Per-Cell (individual cell labels, finer resolution). Both share the same parameter calculation step and Markers_list format.

3.1 Calculate Parameter

SlimR uses adaptive machine learning to determine optimal min_expression, specificity_weight, and threshold parameters. This step is optional — skip to Section 3.2 to use defaults.

SlimR_params <- Parameter_Calculate(
  seurat_obj = sce,
  features = c("CD3E", "CD4", "CD8A"),
  assay = "RNA",
  cluster_col = "seurat_clusters",
  verbose = TRUE
  )

SlimR_params <- Parameter_Calculate(
  seurat_obj = sce,
  features = unique(Markers_list_Cellmarker2$`B cell`$marker),
  assay = "RNA",
  cluster_col = "seurat_clusters",
  verbose = TRUE
  )

3.2 Cluster-Based Annotation

Three steps: Calculate → Annotate → Verify.

Step 1: Calculate Cell Types

SlimR_anno_result <- Celltype_Calculate(seurat_obj = sce,
    gene_list = Markers_list,
    species = "Human",
    cluster_col = "seurat_clusters",
    assay = "RNA",
    min_expression = 0.1,
    specificity_weight = 3,
    threshold = 0.6,
    compute_AUC = TRUE,
    plot_AUC = TRUE,
    AUC_correction = FALSE,
    colour_low = "navy",
    colour_high = "firebrick3"
    )

If you ran Parameter_Calculate(), use: min_expression = SlimR_params$min_expression, specificity_weight = SlimR_params$specificity_weight, threshold = SlimR_params$threshold.

# View heatmap, predictions, and ROC curves
print(SlimR_anno_result$Heatmap_plot)
View(SlimR_anno_result$Prediction_results)
print(SlimR_anno_result$AUC_plot)   # Requires plot_AUC = TRUE

# Manually correct predictions
SlimR_anno_result$Prediction_results$Predicted_cell_type[
  SlimR_anno_result$Prediction_results$cluster_col == 15
] <- "Intestinal stem cell"

# Label low-confidence predictions as Unknown
SlimR_anno_result$Prediction_results$Predicted_cell_type[
  SlimR_anno_result$Prediction_results$AUC <= 0.5
] <- "Unknown"

Step 2: Annotate Cell Types

sce <- Celltype_Annotation(seurat_obj = sce,
    cluster_col = "seurat_clusters",
    SlimR_anno_result = SlimR_anno_result,
    plot_UMAP = TRUE,
    annotation_col = "Cell_type_SlimR"
    )

Step 3: Verify Cell Types

Celltype_Verification(seurat_obj = sce,
    SlimR_anno_result = SlimR_anno_result,
    gene_number = 5,
    assay = "RNA",
    colour_low = "white",
    colour_high = "navy",
    annotation_col = "Cell_type_SlimR"
    )

Important: Use matching cluster_col and annotation_col values across all three functions.

3.3 Per-Cell Annotation

Three steps: Calculate → Annotate → Verify. Ideal for heterogeneous clusters, rare cell types, and continuous differentiation states.

Step 1: Calculate Per-Cell Types

SlimR_percell_result <- Celltype_Calculate_PerCell(
    seurat_obj = sce,
    gene_list = Markers_list,
    species = "Human",
    assay = "RNA",
    method = "weighted",
    min_expression = 0.1,
    use_umap_smoothing = FALSE,
    min_score = "auto",
    min_confidence = 1.2,
    verbose = TRUE
    )

Three scoring methods: "weighted" (default, recommended), "mean" (fast baseline), "AUCell" (rank-based, robust to batch effects).

# Enable UMAP smoothing for noise reduction
SlimR_percell_result <- Celltype_Calculate_PerCell(
    seurat_obj = sce,
    gene_list = Markers_list,
    species = "Human",
    method = "weighted",
    use_umap_smoothing = TRUE,
    k_neighbors = 20,
    smoothing_weight = 0.3
    )

Step 2: Annotate Per-Cell Types

sce <- Celltype_Annotation_PerCell(
    seurat_obj = sce,
    SlimR_percell_result = SlimR_percell_result,
    plot_UMAP = TRUE,
    annotation_col = "Cell_type_PerCell_SlimR",
    plot_confidence = TRUE
    )

Step 3: Verify Per-Cell Types

Celltype_Verification_PerCell(
    seurat_obj = sce,
    SlimR_percell_result = SlimR_percell_result,
    gene_number = 5,
    assay = "RNA",
    colour_low = "white",
    colour_high = "navy",
    annotation_col = "Cell_type_PerCell_SlimR",
    min_cells = 10
    )

Important: Use matching annotation_col values in Celltype_Annotation_PerCell() and Celltype_Verification_PerCell().

4. Semi-Automated Annotation Workflow

For expert-guided manual annotation using visualizations:

Celltype_Annotation_Heatmap(
  seurat_obj = sce,
  gene_list = Markers_list,
  species = "Human",
  cluster_col = "seurat_cluster",
  min_expression = 0.1,
  specificity_weight = 3,
  colour_low = "navy",
  colour_high = "firebrick3"
)

Celltype_Annotation_Features(
  seurat_obj = sce,
  cluster_col = "seurat_clusters",
  gene_list = Markers_list,
  gene_list_type = "Cellmarker2",
  species = "Human",
  save_path = "./SlimR/Celltype_Annotation_Features/",
  colour_low = "white",
  colour_high = "navy",
  colour_low_mertic = "white",
  colour_high_mertic = "navy"
  )

Celltype_Annotation_Combined(
  seurat_obj = sce,
  gene_list = Markers_list, 
  species = "Human",
  cluster_col = "seurat_cluster",
  assay = "RNA",
  save_path = "./SlimR/Celltype_Annotation_Combined/",
  colour_low = "white",
  colour_high = "navy"
)

5. Citation

Wang Z (2026). SlimR: Adaptive Machine Learning-Powered, Context-Matching Tool for Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Annotation.
https://github.com/zhaoqing-wang/SlimR

6. License

MIT

7. Contact

Author: Zhaoqing Wang (ORCID) | Email: zhaoqingwang@mail.sdu.edu.cn | Issues: SlimR Issues

These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.
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