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Title:

Calculate Herd Lying Concordance Metrics

Version:

0.1.0

Description:

Calculates Herd Lying Concordance (HLC) metrics from individual animal lying-behaviour data. HLC is a continuous framework for quantifying group-level behavioural cohesion from between-animal dispersion within observation intervals. The package implements standard deviation, mean absolute deviation, interquartile range, and entropy formulations, lying-weighted extensions, threshold-based synchrony comparisons, temporal summaries, and descriptive method-ranking tools. The HLC formulations are introduced in this package; related approaches to cattle behavioural synchrony include Raussi et al. (2011) <doi:10.1017/S1751731110001928>, Kok et al. (2023) <doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105906>, and the activity metric framework of van Dixhoorn et al. (2024) <doi:10.24072/pcjournal.489>.

License:

MIT + file LICENSE

URL:

https://github.com/guilhermefranchi/HLCtools

BugReports:

https://github.com/guilhermefranchi/HLCtools/issues

Encoding:

UTF-8

Language:

en-US

RoxygenNote:

7.3.3

Depends:

R (≥ 4.1.0)

Imports:

dplyr, rlang

Suggests:

knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (≥ 3.0.0)

VignetteBuilder:

knitr

Config/testthat/edition:

LazyData:

true

NeedsCompilation:

Packaged:

2026-07-15 18:46:38 UTC; au588902

Author:

Guilherme Amorim Franchi

[aut, cre, cph]

Maintainer:

Guilherme Amorim Franchi <gaf@anivet.au.dk>

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2026-07-23 13:10:15 UTC

Calculate interval-level Herd Lying Concordance

Description

Calculates Herd Lying Concordance (HLC) metrics from individual animal lying-time records. HLC is calculated within each group-time interval as one minus a normalised measure of between-animal dispersion.

Usage

calculate_hlc(
  data,
  group,
  animal,
  interval,
  lying,
  day = NULL,
  period = NULL,
  interval_min = 15,
  methods = c("sd", "mad", "iqr", "entropy"),
  lying_threshold = interval_min/2,
  sync_thresholds = c(0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9),
  add_lying_weighted = TRUE
)

Arguments

data

A data frame containing individual animal behaviour records.

group

Column identifying the herd, treatment, pen, or group.

animal

Column identifying the individual animal.

interval

Column identifying the time interval within day.

lying

Column containing lying time within the interval, in minutes.

day

Optional column identifying day/date.

period

Optional column identifying a larger period, for example week.

interval_min

Length of the observation interval in minutes. Default is 15.

methods

Character vector of HLC methods to compute. Options are "sd", "mad", "iqr", and "entropy".

lying_threshold

Threshold in minutes used to define binary lying state for entropy. Default is half of interval_min.

sync_thresholds

Numeric vector of threshold synchrony cut-offs, expressed as proportions. Default is c(0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9).

add_lying_weighted

Logical. If TRUE, adds lying-weighted HLC metrics.

Value

A tibble with one row per group-time interval.

Examples

data(example_lies)

hlc_intervals <- calculate_hlc(
  data = example_lies,
  group = group,
  animal = cow,
  day = day,
  period = week,
  interval = time,
  lying = lying,
  interval_min = 15,
  methods = c("sd", "mad", "iqr", "entropy"),
  sync_thresholds = c(0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9),
  add_lying_weighted = TRUE
)

hlc_intervals

Compare HLC methods

Description

Summarises HLC metrics across available dispersion bases. This function helps users compare HLC implementations rather than automatically selecting a single best metric.

Usage

compare_hlc_methods(data, metrics = NULL)

Arguments

data

A data frame containing HLC summary columns. This can be daily, weekly, treatment-level, or another summarised object.

metrics

Optional character vector of HLC columns to compare. If NULL, columns matching mean_HLC_SD, mean_HLC_MAD, mean_HLC_IQR, mean_HLC_ENT, HLC_SD, HLC_MAD, HLC_IQR, and HLC_ENT are used when available.

Value

A tibble with descriptive summaries for each available HLC method.

Examples

data(example_lies)

hlc_intervals <- calculate_hlc(
  data = example_lies,
  group = group,
  animal = cow,
  day = day,
  period = week,
  interval = time,
  lying = lying
)

hlc_daily <- summarise_hlc_daily(
  data = hlc_intervals,
  group = group,
  day = day,
  period = week
)

compare_hlc_methods(hlc_daily)

Example lying behaviour dataset

Description

A small synthetic dataset for demonstrating Herd Lying Concordance calculations. The dataset contains individual animal lying times for two groups, two days, two time intervals per day, and five cows per group-time interval.

Usage

example_lies

Format

A data frame with 40 rows and 6 columns:

group: Group identifier.
day: Day identifier.
week: Week identifier.
time: Time interval identifier.
cow: Individual cow identifier.
lying: Lying time within the interval, in minutes.

Examples

data(example_lies)

hlc_intervals <- calculate_hlc(
  data = example_lies,
  group = group,
  animal = cow,
  day = day,
  period = week,
  interval = time,
  lying = lying
)

hlc_intervals

List available unweighted HLC methods

Description

Returns the currently implemented unweighted Herd Lying Concordance dispersion bases.

Usage

hlc_methods()

Value

A character vector of available unweighted method names.

List available lying-weighted HLC methods

Description

Returns the names of the currently implemented lying-weighted Herd Lying Concordance methods.

Usage

hlc_weighted_methods()

Value

A character vector containing the available lying-weighted HLC method names.

Examples

hlc_weighted_methods()

Rank HLC methods for a dataset

Description

Ranks available Herd Lying Concordance (HLC) implementations using descriptive criteria relevant for method selection. The function supports daily, weekly, treatment-level, or other summarised HLC outputs.

Usage

rank_hlc_methods(
  data,
  group = NULL,
  period = NULL,
  lying_prop = NULL,
  metrics = NULL,
  weights = c(detectability = 1, temporal_stability = 1, outlier_robustness = 1, boundary
    = 1, missingness = 1, degeneracy = 1)
)

Arguments

data

A data frame containing HLC summary columns.

group

Optional column identifying treatment, herd, pen, farm, or another comparison group. If supplied, group detectability is evaluated.

period

Optional column identifying week, period, block, or another temporal unit. If supplied, temporal stability is evaluated.

lying_prop

Optional column containing lying proportion. If supplied, Spearman correlation between each HLC method and lying proportion is reported.

metrics

Optional character vector of HLC columns to rank. If NULL, columns matching mean_HLC_SD, mean_HLC_MAD, mean_HLC_IQR, mean_HLC_ENT, HLC_SD, HLC_MAD, HLC_IQR, and HLC_ENT are used when available.

weights

Named numeric vector giving weights for ranking criteria. Supported names are "detectability", "temporal_stability", "outlier_robustness", "boundary", "missingness", and "degeneracy".

Details

The ranking is intended to support transparent, dataset-specific selection of an HLC implementation. It does not imply that one dispersion basis is universally best.

Ranking criteria:

detectability: group separation, based on an F statistic from nested linear models when group is supplied.
temporal_stability: SD of period-level means when period is supplied.
outlier_robustness: absolute distance of SD/MAD from 1.
boundary: percentage of exact 0 or 1 values.
missingness: percentage of missing values.
degeneracy: penalises metrics with zero variance or very high boundary collapse.

Criteria that cannot be evaluated because the required columns were not supplied are omitted from the weighted score. Metrics with missing values for an otherwise available criterion are ranked last for that criterion.

Value

A tibble summarising method performance and ranking. Lower weighted_rank_score indicates a more favourable method under the chosen criteria. The column selected marks the top-ranked method.

Examples

data(example_lies)

hlc_intervals <- calculate_hlc(
  data = example_lies,
  group = group,
  animal = cow,
  day = day,
  period = week,
  interval = time,
  lying = lying
)

hlc_daily <- summarise_hlc_daily(
  data = hlc_intervals,
  group = group,
  day = day,
  period = week
)

rank_hlc_methods(
  data = hlc_daily,
  group = group,
  period = week,
  lying_prop = mean_lying_prop
)

Summarise HLC metrics by day

Description

Aggregates interval-level HLC metrics into daily group-level summaries.

Usage

summarise_hlc_daily(data, group, day, period = NULL, interval_min = 15)

Arguments

data

Interval-level HLC data produced by calculate_hlc().

group

Column identifying herd, treatment, pen, or group.

day

Column identifying day/date.

period

Optional column identifying a larger period, for example week.

interval_min

Length of the observation interval in minutes. Default is 15.

Value

A tibble with daily HLC summaries.

Examples

data(example_lies)

hlc_intervals <- calculate_hlc(
  data = example_lies,
  group = group,
  animal = cow,
  day = day,
  period = week,
  interval = time,
  lying = lying,
  interval_min = 15
)

hlc_daily <- summarise_hlc_daily(
  data = hlc_intervals,
  group = group,
  day = day,
  period = week,
  interval_min = 15
)

hlc_daily

Package {HLCtools}

Calculate interval-level Herd Lying Concordance

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Examples

Compare HLC methods

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Examples

Example lying behaviour dataset

Description

Usage

Format

Examples

List available unweighted HLC methods

Description

Usage

Value

List available lying-weighted HLC methods

Description

Usage

Value

Examples

Rank HLC methods for a dataset

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Examples

Summarise HLC metrics by day

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Examples