Source Analysis Across Screening Phases

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2026-06-08

About this vignette

This vignette demonstrates how CiteSource can assess the impact of sources and methods across an evidence synthesis project — from initial searching through to final inclusion.

A reliable systematic search requires multiple resources to minimize the risk of missing relevant studies. Beyond traditional databases, supplementary methods such as hand searching, citation chasing, and grey literature searching are commonly employed. But how much is each source actually contributing? Which databases are finding the studies that ultimately matter? CiteSource can help answer these questions by tracking where each record came from and following it through each stage of screening.

The data in this vignette is based on a mock systematic review on the health, environmental, and economic impacts of wildfires.

If you have questions or feedback, visit the CiteSource discussion board on GitHub.

1. Installation and setup

#install.packages("CiteSource")
library(CiteSource)

2. Import citation files

Start by importing your .ris or .bib files. CiteSource works with files exported directly from any database or resource.

file_path <- "../vignettes/new_stage_data/"
citation_files <- list.files(path = file_path, pattern = "\\.ris", full.names = TRUE)
citation_files
#> [1] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/Dimensions_246.ris"
#> [2] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/econlit_3.ris"     
#> [3] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/envindex_100.ris"  
#> [4] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/final_24.ris"      
#> [5] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/lens_343.ris"      
#> [6] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/medline_84.ris"    
#> [7] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/screened_128.ris"  
#> [8] "../vignettes/new_stage_data/wos_278.ris"

3. Assign custom metadata

CiteSource provides three custom metadata fields: cite_source, cite_label, and cite_string.

cite_source identifies the database or method that produced each file. The two screening files (records included after title/abstract screening and after full-text screening) are assigned cite_source = NA since they do not represent a database search — they are subsets of records that passed screening.

cite_label tracks the phase each file belongs to: "search" for initial search results, "screened" for records included after title/abstract screening, and "final" for records included after full-text screening.

imported_tbl <- tibble::tribble(
  ~files,                ~cite_sources,       ~cite_labels,
  "wos_278.ris",         "WoS",               "search",
  "medline_84.ris",      "Medline",           "search",
  "econlit_3.ris",       "EconLit",           "search",
  "Dimensions_246.ris",  "Dimensions",        "search",
  "lens_343.ris",        "Lens.org",          "search",
  "envindex_100.ris",    "Environment Index", "search",
  "screened_128.ris",    NA,                  "screened",
  "final_24.ris",        NA,                  "final"
) |>
  dplyr::mutate(files = paste0(file_path, files))

raw_citations <- read_citations(metadata = imported_tbl)
#> Import completed - with the following details:
#>                 file       cite_source cite_string cite_label citations
#> 1        wos_278.ris               WoS        <NA>     search       278
#> 2     medline_84.ris           Medline        <NA>     search        84
#> 3      econlit_3.ris           EconLit        <NA>     search         3
#> 4 Dimensions_246.ris        Dimensions        <NA>     search       246
#> 5       lens_343.ris          Lens.org        <NA>     search       343
#> 6   envindex_100.ris Environment Index        <NA>     search       100
#> 7   screened_128.ris              <NA>        <NA>   screened       128
#> 8       final_24.ris              <NA>        <NA>      final        24

4. Deduplicate and create data tables

CiteSource uses the ASySD algorithm to identify and merge duplicate records, preserving the cite_source, cite_label, and cite_string fields from each duplicate. Note that pre-prints and similar records will not be identified as duplicates of their published counterparts.

unique_citations  <- dedup_citations(raw_citations)
#> formatting data...
#> identifying potential duplicates...
#> identified duplicates!
#> flagging potential pairs for manual dedup...
#> 1206 citations loaded...
#> 690 duplicate citations removed...
#> 516 unique citations remaining!
n_unique          <- count_unique(unique_citations)
source_comparison <- compare_sources(unique_citations, comp_type = "sources")

5. Review internal duplication

Before comparing sources it is helpful to confirm that internal deduplication ran as expected. The initial record table shows how many records were imported from each source and how many distinct records remained after within-source duplicates were removed.

In this case, Lens.org had 343 records in the original file but only 340 distinct records after internal deduplication. Medline shows 84 for both, meaning no within-source duplicates were found.

initial_records <- calculate_initial_records(unique_citations, "search")
create_initial_record_table(initial_records)

	Records Imported¹	Distinct Records²
Record Counts
Dimensions	246	246
EconLit	3	3
Environment Index	100	100
Lens.org	343	340
Medline	84	84
WoS	278	278
Total	1054	1051
¹ Number of records imported from each source.
² Number of records after internal source deduplication.

6. Analyze overlap across sources

Heatmaps

The count heatmap is organized by source in order of record count, with the source total at the top of each column. Cell values show the number of records that overlapped between each pair of sources. Of the 340 records from Lens.org, 212 were also found in Dimensions and 146 were found in Web of Science. Of the 100 records from Environment Index, 82 were also found in Lens.org.

The percentage heatmap expresses those same overlaps as proportions. The 82 records shared between Environment Index and Lens.org represent 82% of Environment Index’s records, but only 24% of Lens.org’s records.

plot_source_overlap_heatmap(source_comparison)

plot_source_overlap_heatmap(source_comparison, plot_type = "percentages")

Upset plot

The upset plot shows overlap across all source combinations simultaneously. EconLit had only three results, but two of those were unique to that source. The single non-unique EconLit record was found in both Lens.org and Web of Science. Lens.org and Web of Science contributed the most unique records overall, and Dimensions and Lens.org had the greatest pairwise overlap, with 63 shared records not found in any other source.

plot_source_overlap_upset(source_comparison, decreasing = c(TRUE, TRUE))
#> Plotting a large number of groups. Consider reducing nset or sub-setting the data.

7. Analyze records across screening phases

By including the cite_label data, we can now track each source’s records through screening. The contributions plot shows unique (green) and shared (red) record counts from each source at each phase — search, screened, and final.

Despite Lens.org and Web of Science contributing the highest numbers of unique records at the search stage, each contributed only a single unique citation to the final included set.

plot_contributions(n_unique,
  center    = TRUE,
  bar_order = c("search", "screened", "final")
)

8. Analyze data with tables

Detailed record table

The detailed record table builds on the initial record table by adding unique and non-unique counts and three percentage columns.

Source Contribution % — each source’s share of the total distinct records after cross-source deduplication
Source Unique Contribution % — each source’s share of the total unique records
Source Unique % — the proportion of each source’s distinct records that were unique

For example, Lens.org had 340 distinct records out of 1,051 total before deduplication (32.4% contribution). Of those, 121 were unique — 45.8% of all unique records across the search.

detailed_counts <- calculate_detailed_records(unique_citations, n_unique, "search")
create_detailed_record_table(detailed_counts)

	Records Imported¹	Distinct Records²	Unique Records³	Non-unique Records⁴	Source Contribution %⁵	Source Unique Contribution %⁶	Source Unique %⁷
Record Summary
Dimensions	246	246	23	223	23.4%	8.7%	9.3%
EconLit	3	3	2	1	0.3%	0.8%	66.7%
Environment Index	100	100	5	95	9.5%	1.9%	5.0%
Lens.org	343	340	121	219	32.4%	45.8%	35.6%
Medline	84	84	7	77	8.0%	2.7%	8.3%
WoS	278	278	106	172	26.5%	40.2%	38.1%
Total	1054	⁸ 516	264	787	NA	NA	NA
¹ Number of raw records imported from each database.
² Number of records after internal source deduplication.
³ Number of records not found in another source.
⁴ Number of records found in at least one other source.
⁵ Percent distinct records contributed to the total number of distinct records.
⁶ Percent of unique records contributed to the total unique records.
⁷ Percentage of records that were unique from each source.
⁸ Total citations discovered (after internal and cross-source deduplication).

Precision and sensitivity table

The precision/sensitivity table incorporates the screening phase data to calculate two metrics for each source:

Precision = Final records from source / Distinct records from source

Sensitivity = Final records from source / Total final records across all sources

Of the 340 records from Lens.org, 100 were included after title/abstract screening and 16 after full-text screening. This gives Lens.org a precision of 4.7% and a sensitivity of 66.7% — meaning it contributed the majority of the final included set despite a low precision rate.

phase_counts <- calculate_phase_records(unique_citations, n_unique, "cite_source")
create_precision_sensitivity_table(phase_counts)

	Distinct Records¹	Screened Included²	Final Included³	Precision⁴	Sensitivity/Recall⁵
Record Counts & Precision/Sensitivity
Dimensions	246	77	21	8.54	87.50
EconLit	3	0	0	0.00	0.00
Environment Index	100	40	16	16.00	66.67
Lens.org	340	100	21	6.18	87.50
Medline	84	33	14	16.67	58.33
WoS	278	76	22	7.91	91.67
Total	⁶ 516	⁷ 126	⁸ 24	⁹ 4.65	NA
¹ Number of records after internal source deduplication.
² Number of citations included after title/abstract screening.
³ Number of citations included after full text screening.
⁴ Number of final included citations / Number of distinct records.
⁵ Number of final included citations / Total number of final included citations.
⁶ Total citations discovered (after internal and cross-source deduplication).
⁷ Total citations included after Ti/Ab Screening.
⁸ Total citations included after full text screening.
⁹ Overall Precision = Number of final included citations / Total distinct records.

9. Record-level table

The record-level table lets you inspect which individual final-included citations came from which sources — useful for verifying coverage and for reporting in supplementary materials.

unique_citations |>
  dplyr::filter(stringr::str_detect(cite_label, "final")) |>
  record_level_table(return = "DT")

10. Exporting for further analysis

CiteSource can export deduplicated results as CSV, RIS, or BibTeX files, and reimport them to resume analysis later without repeating the deduplication step.

#export_csv(unique_citations, filename = "citesource_export_phases.csv")
#export_ris(unique_citations, filename = "citesource_export_phases.ris", source_field = "DB", label_field = "C5")
#export_bib(unique_citations, filename = "citesource_export_phases.bib", include = c("sources", "labels", "strings"))

# Reimport a previously exported file
#unique_citations <- reimport_csv("citesource_export_phases.csv")
#unique_citations <- reimport_ris("citesource_export_phases.ris")

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