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JEL Classification Codes
The JEL
Classification System is a subject classification system for
economics derived from Journal of Economic
Literature of the American Economic
Association.
(See also Wikipedia.)
- A: General Economics and Teaching
- A1: General Economics
- A10: General
- A11: Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
- A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
- A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values
- A14: Sociology of Economics
- A19: Other
- A2: Economics Education and Teaching of Economics
- A3: Collective Works
- A30: General
- A31: Collected Writings of Individuals
- A32: Volumes
- A33: Handbooks
- A39: Other
- B: Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology
- B0: General
- B1: History of Economic Thought through 1925
- B10: General
- B11: Preclassical
- B12: Classical
- B13: Neoclassical through 1925
- B14: Socialist; Marxist
- B15: Historical; Institutional
- B16: History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
- B19: Other
- B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925
- B20: General
- B21: Microeconomics
- B22: Macroeconomics
- B23: History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
- B24: Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
- B25: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
- B29: Other
- B3: History of Thought: Individuals
- B30: General
- B31: Individuals
- B32: Obituaries
- B4: Economic Methodology
- B40: General
- B41: Economic Methodology
- B49: Other
- B5: Current Heterodox Approaches
- B50: General
- B51: Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
- B52: Institutional; Evolutionary
- B53: Austrian
- B54: Feminist Economics
- B59: Other
- C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
- C0: General
- C00: General
- C01: Econometrics
- C02: Mathematical Methods
- C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
- C10: General
- C11: Bayesian Analysis
- C12: Hypothesis Testing
- C13: Estimation
- C14: Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
- C15: Simulation Methods
- C16: Specific Distributions
- C19: Other
- C2: Single Equation Models; Single Variables
- C20: General
- C21: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
- C22: Time-Series Models
- C23: Models with Panel Data
- C24: Truncated and Censored Models
- C25: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors
- C29: Other
- C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models
- C30: General
- C31: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
- C32: Time-Series Models
- C33: Models with Panel Data
- C34: Truncated and Censored Models
- C35: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors
- C39: Other
- C4: Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
- C40: General
- C41: Duration Analysis
- C43: Index Numbers and Aggregation
- C44: Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research
- C45: Neural Networks and Related Topics
- C46: Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics
- C49: Other
- C5: Econometric Modeling
- C50: General
- C51: Model Construction and Estimation
- C52: Model Evaluation and Selection
- C53: Forecasting and Other Model Applications
- C59: Other
- C6: Mathematical Methods and Programming
- C60: General
- C61: Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
- C62: Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
- C63: Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
- C65: Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
- C67: Input-Output Models
- C68: Computable General Equilibrium Models
- C69: Other
- C7: Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
- C70: General
- C71: Cooperative Games
- C72: Noncooperative Games
- C73: Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
- C78: Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
- C79: Other
- C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
- C80: General
- C81: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
- C82: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
- C83: Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
- C87: Econometric Software
- C88: Other Computer Software
- C89: Other
- C9: Design of Experiments
- C90: General
- C91: Laboratory, Individual Behavior
- C92: Laboratory, Group Behavior
- C93: Field Experiments
- C99: Other
- D: Microeconomics
- D0: General
- D00: General
- D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
- D02: Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
- D03: Behavioral Economics; Underlying Principles
- D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics
- D10: General
- D11: Consumer Economics: Theory
- D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
- D13: Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
- D14: Personal Finance
- D18: Consumer Protection
- D19: Other
- D2: Production and Organizations
- D20: General
- D21: Firm Behavior
- D23: Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
- D24: Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
- D29: Other
- D3: Distribution
- D30: General
- D31: Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
- D33: Factor Income Distribution
- D39: Other
- D4: Market Structure and Pricing
- D40: General
- D41: Perfect Competition
- D42: Monopoly
- D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
- D44: Auctions
- D45: Rationing; Licensing
- D46: Value Theory
- D49: Other
- D5: General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
- D50: General
- D51: Exchange and Production Economies
- D52: Incomplete Markets
- D53: Financial Markets
- D57: Input-Output Tables and Analysis
- D58: Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
- D59: Other
- D6: Welfare Economics
- D60: General
- D61: Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
- D62: Externalities
- D63: Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
- D64: Altruism
- D69: Other
- D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
- D70: General
- D71: Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
- D72: Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
- D73: Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
- D74: Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
- D78: Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
- D79: Other
- D8: Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
- D80: General
- D81: Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
- D82: Asymmetric and Private Information
- D83: Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
- D84: Expectations; Speculations
- D85: Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
- D86: Economics of Contract: Theory
- D87: Neuroeconomics
- D89: Other
- D9: Intertemporal Choice and Growth
- D90: General
- D91: Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
- D92: Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
- D99: Other
- E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
- E0: General
- E00: General
- E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
- E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy
- E1: General Aggregative Models
- E10: General
- E11: Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
- E12: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
- E13: Neoclassical
- E17: Forecasting and Simulation
- E19: Other
- E2: Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
- E20: General
- E21: Consumption; Saving; Wealth
- E22: Capital; Investment; Capacity
- E23: Production
- E24: Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
- E25: Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
- E26: Informal Economy; Underground Economy
- E27: Forecasting and Simulation
- E29: Other
- E3: Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
- E30: General
- E31: Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
- E32: Business Fluctuations; Cycles
- E37: Forecasting and Simulation
- E39: Other
- E4: Money and Interest Rates
- E40: General
- E41: Demand for Money
- E42: Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
- E43: Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
- E44: Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
- E47: Forecasting and Simulation
- E49: Other
- E5: Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
- E50: General
- E51: Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
- E52: Monetary Policy
- E58: Central Banks and Their Policies
- E59: Other
- E6: Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
- E60: General
- E61: Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
- E62: Fiscal Policy
- E63: Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization
- E64: Incomes Policy; Price Policy
- E65: Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
- E66: General Outlook and Conditions
- E69: Other
- F: International Economics
- F0: General
- F00: General
- F01: Global Outlook
- F02: International Economic Order
- F1: Trade
- F10: General
- F11: Neoclassical Models of Trade
- F12: Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
- F13: Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
- F14: Country and Industry Studies of Trade
- F15: Economic Integration
- F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions
- F17: Trade Forecasting and Simulation
- F18: Trade and Environment
- F19: Other
- F2: International Factor Movements and International Business
- F20: General
- F21: International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
- F22: International Migration
- F23: Multinational Firms; International Business
- F24: Remittances
- F29: Other
- F3: International Finance
- F30: General
- F31: Foreign Exchange
- F32: Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
- F33: International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
- F34: International Lending and Debt Problems
- F35: Foreign Aid
- F36: Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
- F37: International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
- F39: Other
- F4: Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
- F40: General
- F41: Open Economy Macroeconomics
- F42: International Policy Coordination and Transmission
- F43: Economic Growth of Open Economies
- F47: Forecasting and Simulation
- F49: Other
- F5: International Relations and International Political Economy
- F50: General
- F51: International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
- F52: National Security; Economic Nationalism
- F53: International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
- F54: Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
- F55: International Institutional Arrangements
- F59: International Relations and International Political Economy: Other
- G: Financial Economics
- G0: General
- G00: General
- G01: Financial Crises
- G1: General Financial Markets
- G10: General
- G11: Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
- G12: Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
- G13: Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
- G14: Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
- G15: International Financial Markets
- G17: Financial Forecasting
- G18: Government Policy and Regulation
- G19: Other
- G2: Financial Institutions and Services
- G20: General
- G21: Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
- G22: Insurance; Insurance Companies
- G23: Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions
- G24: Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
- G28: Government Policy and Regulation
- G29: Other
- G3: Corporate Finance and Governance
- G30: General
- G31: Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
- G32: Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
- G33: Bankruptcy; Liquidation
- G34: Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
- G35: Payout Policy
- G38: Government Policy and Regulation
- G39: Other
- H: Public Economics
- H0: General
- H1: Structure and Scope of Government
- H10: General
- H11: Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
- H19: Other
- H2: Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
- H20: General
- H21: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
- H22: Incidence
- H23: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
- H24: Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
- H25: Business Taxes and Subsidies
- H26: Tax Evasion
- H27: Other Sources of Revenue
- H29: Other
- H3: Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
- H4: Publicly Provided Goods
- H40: General
- H41: Public Goods
- H42: Publicly Provided Private Goods
- H43: Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
- H44: Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
- H49: Other
- H5: National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
- H50: General
- H51: Government Expenditures and Health
- H52: Government Expenditures and Education
- H53: Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
- H54: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
- H55: Social Security and Public Pensions
- H56: National Security and War
- H57: Procurement
- H59: Other
- H6: National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
- H60: General
- H61: Budget; Budget Systems
- H62: Deficit; Surplus
- H63: Debt; Debt Management
- H68: Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
- H69: Other
- H7: State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
- H70: General
- H71: State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
- H72: State and Local Budget and Expenditures
- H73: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
- H74: State and Local Borrowing
- H75: State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
- H76: State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
- H77: Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
- H79: Other
- H8: Miscellaneous Issues
- H80: General
- H81: Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants
- H82: Governmental Property
- H83: Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
- H87: International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
- H89: Other
- I: Health, Education, and Welfare
- I0: General
- I1: Health
- I10: General
- I11: Analysis of Health Care Markets
- I12: Health Production
- I18: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
- I19: Other
- I2: Education and Research Insititutions
- I20: General
- I21: Analysis of Education
- I22: Educational Finance
- I23: Higher Education Research Institutions
- I28: Government Policy
- I29: Other
- I3: Welfare and Poverty
- I30: General
- I31: General Welfare
- I32: Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
- I38: Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
- I39: Other
- J: Labor and Demographic Economics
- J0: General
- J00: General
- J01: Labor Economics: General
- J08: Labor Economics Policies
- J1: Demographic Economics
- J10: General
- J11: Demographic Trends and Forecasts
- J12: Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
- J13: Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
- J14: Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
- J15: Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
- J16: Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
- J17: Value of Life; Forgone Income
- J18: Public Policy
- J19: Other
- J2: Demand and Supply of Labor
- J20: General
- J21: Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
- J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply
- J23: Labor Demand
- J24: Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
- J26: Retirement; Retirement Policies
- J28: Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
- J29: Other
- J3: Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
- J30: General
- J31: Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
- J32: Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
- J33: Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
- J38: Public Policy
- J39: Other
- J4: Particular Labor Markets
- J40: General
- J41: Labor Contracts
- J42: Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
- J43: Agricultural Labor Markets
- J44: Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
- J45: Public Sector Labor Markets
- J48: Public Policy
- J49: Other
- J5: Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
- J50: General
- J51: Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
- J52: Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
- J53: Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
- J54: Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership
- J58: Public Policy
- J59: Other
- J6: Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies
- J60: General
- J61: Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
- J62: Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
- J63: Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
- J64: Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
- J65: Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
- J68: Public Policy
- J69: Other
- J7: Labor Discrimination
- J70: General
- J71: Discrimination
- J78: Public Policy
- J79: Other
- J8: Labor Standards: National and International
- J80: General
- J81: Working Conditions
- J82: Labor Force Composition
- J83: Workers' Rights
- J88: Public Policy
- J89: Other
- K: Law and Economics
- K0: General
- K1: Basic Areas of Law
- K10: General
- K11: Property Law
- K12: Contract Law
- K13: Tort Law and Product Liability
- K14: Criminal Law
- K19: Other
- K2: Regulation and Business Law
- K20: General
- K21: Antitrust Law
- K22: Corporation and Securities Law
- K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
- K29: Other
- K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law
- K30: General
- K31: Labor Law
- K32: Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
- K33: International Law
- K34: Tax Law
- K35: Personal Bankruptcy Law
- K36: Family and Personal Law
- K39: Other
- K4: Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
- K40: General
- K41: Litigation Process
- K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
- K49: Other
- L: Industrial Organization
- L0: General
- L1: Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
- L10: General
- L11: Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
- L12: Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
- L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
- L14: Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
- L15: Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
- L16: Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
- L17: Open Source Products and Markets
- L19: Other
- L2: Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
- L20: General
- L21: Business Objectives of the Firm
- L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure
- L23: Organization of Production
- L24: Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
- L25: Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
- L26: Entrepreneurship
- L29: Other
- L3: Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
- L30: General
- L31: Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
- L32: Public Enterprises
- L33: Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out
- L38: Public Policy
- L39: Other
- L4: Antitrust Issues and Policies
- L40: General
- L41: Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
- L42: Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
- L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
- L44: Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
- L49: Other
- L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy
- L50: General
- L51: Economics of Regulation
- L52: Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
- L53: Enterprise Policy
- L59: Other
- L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing
- L60: General
- L61: Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
- L62: Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
- L63: Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
- L64: Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
- L65: Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
- L66: Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
- L67: Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
- L68: Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
- L69: Other
- L7: Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
- L70: General
- L71: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
- L72: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
- L73: Forest Products
- L74: Construction
- L78: Government Policy
- L79: Other
- L8: Industry Studies: Services
- L80: General
- L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
- L82: Entertainment; Media
- L83: Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
- L84: Personal, Professional, and Business Services
- L85: Real Estate Services
- L86: Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
- L87: Postal and Delivery Services
- L88: Government Policy
- L89: Other
- L9: Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
- L90: General
- L91: Transportation: General
- L92: Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
- L93: Air Transportation
- L94: Electric Utilities
- L95: Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
- L96: Telecommunications
- L97: Utilities: General
- L98: Government Policy
- L99: Other
- M: Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
- M0: General
- M1: Business Administration
- M10: General
- M11: Production Management
- M12: Personnel Management
- M13: New Firms; Startups
- M14: Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
- M15: IT Management
- M16: International Business Administration
- M19: Other
- M2: Business Economics
- M20: General
- M21: Business Economics
- M29: Other
- M3: Marketing and Advertising
- M30: General
- M31: Marketing
- M37: Advertising
- M38: Government Policy and Regulation
- M39: Other
- M4: Accounting and Auditing
- M40: General
- M41: Accounting
- M42: Auditing
- M48: Government Policy and Regulation
- M49: Other
- M5: Personnel Economics
- M50: General
- M51: Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
- M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
- M53: Training
- M54: Labor Management
- M55: Labor Contracting Devices
- M59: Other
- N: Economic History
- N0: General
- N00: General
- N01: Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
- N1: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
- N10: General, International, or Comparative
- N11: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N12: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N13: Europe: Pre-1913
- N14: Europe: 1913-
- N15: Asia including Middle East
- N16: Latin America; Caribbean
- N17: Africa; Oceania
- N2: Financial Markets and Institutions
- N20: General, International, or Comparative
- N21: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N22: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N23: Europe: Pre-1913
- N24: Europe: 1913-
- N25: Asia including Middle East
- N26: Latin America; Caribbean
- N27: Africa; Oceania
- N3: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion
- N30: General, International, or Comparative
- N31: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N32: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N33: Europe: Pre-1913
- N34: Europe: 1913-
- N35: Asia including Middle East
- N36: Latin America; Caribbean
- N37: Africa; Oceania
- N4: Government, War, Law, and Regulation
- N40: General, International, or Comparative
- N41: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N42: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N43: Europe: Pre-1913
- N44: Europe: 1913-
- N45: Asia including Middle East
- N46: Latin America; Caribbean
- N47: Africa; Oceania
- N5: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
- N50: General, International, or Comparative
- N51: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N52: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N53: Europe: Pre-1913
- N54: Europe: 1913-
- N55: Asia including Middle East
- N56: Latin America; Caribbean
- N57: Africa; Oceania
- N6: Manufacturing and Construction
- N60: General, International, or Comparative
- N61: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N62: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N63: Europe: Pre-1913
- N64: Europe: 1913-
- N65: Asia including Middle East
- N66: Latin America; Caribbean
- N67: Africa; Oceania
- N7: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
- N70: General, International, or Comparative
- N71: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N72: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N73: Europe: Pre-1913
- N74: Europe: 1913-
- N75: Asia including Middle East
- N76: Latin America; Caribbean
- N77: Africa; Oceania
- N8: Micro-Business History
- N80: General, International, or Comparative
- N81: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N82: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N83: Europe: Pre-1913
- N84: Europe: 1913-
- N85: Asia including Middle East
- N86: Latin America; Caribbean
- N87: Africa; Oceania
- N9: Regional and Urban History
- N90: General, International, or Comparative
- N91: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
- N92: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
- N93: Europe: Pre-1913
- N94: Europe: 1913-
- N95: Asia including Middle East
- N96: Latin America; Caribbean
- N97: Africa; Oceania
- O: Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth
- O1: Economic Development
- O10: General
- O11: Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- O13: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
- O14: Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
- O15: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
- O16: Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
- O17: Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
- O18: Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
- O19: International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
- O2: Development Planning and Policy
- O20: General
- O21: Planning Models; Planning Policy
- O22: Project Analysis
- O23: Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
- O24: Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
- O25: Industrial Policy
- O29: Other
- O3: Technological Change; Research and Development
- O30: General
- O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
- O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
- O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
- O34: Intellectual Property Rights
- O38: Government Policy
- O39: Other
- O4: Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
- O40: General
- O41: One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
- O42: Monetary Growth Models
- O43: Institutions and Growth
- O47: Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
- O49: Other
- O5: Economywide Country Studies
- O50: General
- O51: U.S.; Canada
- O52: Europe
- O53: Asia including Middle East
- O54: Latin America; Caribbean
- O55: Africa
- O56: Oceania
- O57: Comparative Studies of Countries
- P: Economic Systems
- P0: General
- P1: Capitalist Systems
- P10: General
- P11: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P12: Capitalist Enterprises
- P13: Cooperative Enterprises
- P14: Property Rights
- P16: Political Economy
- P17: Performance and Prospects
- P19: Other
- P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
- P20: General
- P21: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P22: Prices
- P23: Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
- P24: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
- P25: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
- P26: Political Economy; Property Rights
- P27: Performance and Prospects
- P28: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
- P29: Other
- P3: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
- P30: General
- P31: Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
- P32: Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
- P33: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
- P34: Financial Economics
- P35: Public Economics
- P36: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education and Training, Welfare, and Poverty
- P37: Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
- P39: Other
- P4: Other Economic Systems
- P40: General
- P41: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P42: Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
- P43: Public Economics; Financial Economics
- P44: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
- P45: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
- P46: Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
- P47: Performance and Prospects
- P48: Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights
- P49: Other
- P5: Comparative Economic Systems
- P50: General
- P51: Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
- P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
- P59: Other
- Q: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
- Q0: General
- Q00: General
- Q01: Sustainable Development
- Q1: Agriculture
- Q10: General
- Q11: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
- Q12: Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
- Q13: Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
- Q14: Agricultural Finance
- Q15: Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
- Q16: R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services
- Q17: Agriculture in International Trade
- Q18: Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
- Q19: Other
- Q2: Renewable Resources and Conservation
- Q20: General
- Q21: Demand and Supply
- Q22: Fishery; Aquaculture
- Q23: Forestry
- Q24: Land
- Q25: Water
- Q26: Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
- Q27: Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
- Q28: Government Policy
- Q29: Other
- Q3: Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
- Q30: General
- Q31: Demand and Supply
- Q32: Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
- Q34: Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
- Q33: Resource Booms
- Q38: Government Policy
- Q39: Other
- Q4: Energy
- Q40: General
- Q41: Demand and Supply
- Q42: Alternative Energy Sources
- Q43: Energy and the Macroeconomy
- Q48: Government Policy
- Q49: Other
- Q5: Environmental Economics
- Q50: General
- Q51: Valuation of Environmental Effects
- Q52: Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
- Q53: Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
- Q54: Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
- Q55: Technological Innovation
- Q56: Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
- Q57: Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
- Q58: Government Policy
- Q59: Other
- R: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
- R0: General
- R1: General Regional Economics
- R10: General
- R11: Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
- R12: Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
- R13: General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
- R14: Land Use Patterns
- R15: Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
- R19: Other
- R2: Household Analysis
- R20: General
- R21: Housing Demand
- R22: Other Demand
- R23: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
- R28: Government Policy
- R29: Other
- R3: Production Analysis and Firm Location
- R30: General
- R31: Housing Supply and Markets
- R32: Other Production and Pricing Analysis
- R33: Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
- R34: Input Demand Analysis
- R38: Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
- R39: Other
- R4: Transportation Systems
- R40: General
- R41: Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
- R42: Government and Private Investment Analysis
- R48: Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies; Transportation Planning
- R49: Other
- R5: Regional Government Analysis
- R50: General
- R51: Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
- R52: Land Use and Other Regulations
- R53: Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
- R58: Regional Development Policy
- R59: Other
- Y: Miscellaneous Categories
- Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
- Y10: Data: Tables and Charts
- Y2: Introductory Material
- Y20: Introductory Material
- Y3: Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y30: Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y4: Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y40: Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y5: Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y50: Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y6: Excerpts
- Y8: Related Disciplines
- Y9: Other
- Z: Other Special Topics
- Z0: General
- Z1: Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
- Z10: General
- Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature
- Z12: Religion
- Z13: Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
- Z19: Other
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