Introduction to sccic

The hardware and bandwidth for this mirror is donated by dogado GmbH, the Webhosting and Full Service-Cloud Provider. Check out our Wordpress Tutorial.
If you wish to report a bug, or if you are interested in having us mirror your free-software or open-source project, please feel free to contact us at mirror[@]dogado.de.

Neil Hwang

2026-04-03

Overview

The sccic package implements the Changes-in-Changes (CIC) estimator of Athey and Imbens (2006), combined with synthetic control methods for causal inference. It provides two main functions:

cic(): Standard CIC for two-group, two-period settings
sc_cic(): Synthetic control + CIC for single-treated-unit settings

Example 1: Standard CIC

We demonstrate cic() on the workers’ compensation data from Meyer, Viscusi, and Durbin (1995), the canonical CIC dataset.

library(sccic)

# Load workers' comp data
if (requireNamespace("wooldridge", quietly = TRUE)) {
  data("injury", package = "wooldridge")

  result <- cic(
    y_00 = injury$ldurat[injury$highearn == 0 & injury$afchnge == 0],
    y_01 = injury$ldurat[injury$highearn == 0 & injury$afchnge == 1],
    y_10 = injury$ldurat[injury$highearn == 1 & injury$afchnge == 0],
    y_11 = injury$ldurat[injury$highearn == 1 & injury$afchnge == 1]
  )
  print(result)
}
#> 
#> Changes-in-Changes Estimator
#> ---------------------------------------- 
#>   tau^CIC  = 0.0687 
#>   tau^DID  = 0.1883 
#>   SE       = 0.4044 
#>   z-stat   = 0.1699 
#>   p-value  = 0.8651 
#>   N        = 7150 (2294/2004/1472/1380)

C:62f478cf4e4e-intro.R

The CIC estimate (0.069) is substantially smaller than the DID estimate (0.188), consistent with Athey and Imbens (2006).

Example 2: SC-CIC

For settings with a single treated unit and multiple donors, sc_cic() combines synthetic control construction with CIC estimation. We demonstrate on the Basque Country terrorism dataset.

if (requireNamespace("Synth", quietly = TRUE)) {
  data("basque", package = "Synth")

  # Reshape to wide format
  gdp <- reshape(basque[, c("regionno", "year", "gdpcap")],
                 idvar = "year", timevar = "regionno", direction = "wide")

  y_treated <- gdp[, "gdpcap.17"]  # Basque Country
  donor_cols <- grep("gdpcap\\.", names(gdp), value = TRUE)
  donor_cols <- donor_cols[!donor_cols %in% c("gdpcap.17", "gdpcap.1")]
  donors <- as.matrix(gdp[, donor_cols])

  valid <- complete.cases(y_treated, donors)
  result2 <- sc_cic(y_treated[valid], donors[valid, ],
                    treatment_period = 16, seed = 42)
  print(result2)
}
#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold

#> Warning: Option grouped=FALSE enforced in cv.glmnet, since < 3 observations per
#> fold
#> 
#> Synthetic Control + Changes-in-Changes Estimator
#> -------------------------------------------------- 
#> SC donors selected: 4 
#> Pre-treatment RMSE: 0.0493 
#> Pre-treatment KS p: 0.938 [OK]
#> -------------------------------------------------- 
#>   tau^CIC  = -0.7943 
#>   tau^DID  = -0.7346 
#>   boot SE  = 0.3229 
#>   z-stat   = -2.4596 
#>   p-value  = 0.01391 
#>   N        = 86 (15/28/15/28)

C:62f478cf4e4e-intro.R

Bootstrap standard errors

Both functions support bootstrap inference via the boot argument:

result <- cic(y_00, y_01, y_10, y_11, boot = TRUE, boot_iters = 500, seed = 42)

C:62f478cf4e4e-intro.R

References

Athey, S. and Imbens, G. W. (2006). Identification and Inference in Nonlinear Difference-in-Differences Models. Econometrica, 74(2), 431-497.
Abadie, A. and Gardeazabal, J. (2003). The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of the Basque Country. American Economic Review, 93(1), 113-132.
Meyer, B. D., Viscusi, W. K., and Durbin, D. L. (1995). Workers’ Compensation and Injury Duration. American Economic Review, 85(3), 322-340.

These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.
Health stats visible at Monitor.