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ggpredict() now works for models of class clm2 from package ordinal, however, confidence intervals are not yet supported for these models.
ggeffect() now passes the latent argument for models with ordinal outcome down to effects::Effect(), to plot effects for ordinal models on the latent scale.
When argument test in test_predictions() is "interaction", "consecutive", or a data frame, emmeans is automatically used as backend, as this is the relevant package that supports these argument types.
format() (and hence, print()) for test_predictions() gains a combine_levels argument, to combine levels of the focal term in the output table.
The engine argument in test_predictions() can now also be "ggeffects". However, this is currently work-in-progress and offers muss less options as the default engine, "marginaleffects". It can be faster in some cases, though, and works for comparing predicted random effects in mixed models.
test_predictions() now automatically falls back to engines "emmeans" or "ggeffects" if the marginaleffects (or emmeans) package is not installed.
predict_response(), test_predictions() and ggpredict() will warn the user when all focal terms are only included as random effects in the model and no appropriate type or margin is specified. This is to avoid meaningless results.
plot() gets an n_rows argument, to define the number of rows for the panel alignment. This is useful when the number of facets is large and the default alignment is not optimal.
The ppd argument for Bayesian models will be superseded by the interval argument, i.e. ppd = TRUE is equivalent to interval = "prediction" (and ppd = FALSE is equivalent to interval = "confidence").
When back_transform = FALSE, and model has a transformed response variable, the plot() method for ggeffects objects now rescales the raw data points. This ensures that the raw data points are plotted on the same scale as the predicted values when show_data = TRUE.
Minor revisions of documentation and vignettes, to improve readability and clarity.
Several arguments have been deprecated and replaced by new argument names. A warning is printed when deprecated arguments are used. The deprecated arguments will be removed in a future release.
Fixed issue in print() for ggeffect() and models with ordinal outcome, where one column was too much in the output.
Fixed issue in test_predictions() with wrong order of term labels when a focal term was a character vector.
Fixed issue in ggpredict() with wbm models from package panelr.
Fixed issue in ggemmeans() for glmmTMB models with zero-inflation, when terms included variables that were specified in the conditional, but not in the zero-inflation model formula.
Fixed issue in ggpredict() for Stan models (from packages rstanarm and brms) where the ci_level argument was not correctly recognized.
Fixed CRAN check issues due to latest marginaleffects update.
ggemmeans() (and hence, predict_response(..., margin = "marginalmeans")) now supports type = "zi_prob" for zero-inflated models from package glmmTMB, i.e. can now predict the zero-inflation probability.
test_predictions() and ggaverage() were updated to work with the latest release of the marginaleffects package. That release fixed issues with inaccurate standard errors for glmmTMB models.
test_predictions() gains a margin argument, to indicate how to marginalize over non-focal terms. This ensures that estimates of pairwise comparisons are in line with estimates of predictions.
test_predictions() gains an engine argument, to indicate which package to use to compute pairwise comparisons or contrasts. By default, the marginaleffects package is used, but you can also use the emmeans package.
ggeffect() when representative values for a focal term included a zero, e.g. terms = "focal [0,3,5]".Overhaul of the documentation (again), to provide more clarity about the terminology “adjusted predictions”, “marginal means” and “marginal effects”, and how to calculate each of these quantities using the ggeffects package.
print_html() methods were updated to work with the latest release of tinytable.
New print_md() method, to print the output as markdown table. This is useful inside RMarkdown or Quarto documents, where the output can be directly included.
predict_response() as “generic” high-level function, which is a replacement for ggpredict(), ggemmeans() and ggaverage(). The new function is more clear about how the function marginalizes over non-focal terms. The margin argument can be used to specify how to marginalize over non-focal terms, i.e. which function internally is used to compute the marginal effects.The documentation was revised, to provide more clarity about what the package functions do and how to decide, which function or method to calculate marginal effects is the most appropriate.
Improved calculation of prediction intervals for Poisson regression models.
Improved handling of the vcov_fun argument. This argument now accepts an estimation type as string, e.g. vcov_fun = "HC0", which is then used to compute the variance-covariance matrix. Thus, it is no longer necessary to define both vcov_fun and vcov_type, if the variance-covariance matrix is covered by one of the pre-defined estimation types. See ?ggpredict for details.
hypothesis_test() now also accepts the vcov_fun argument, and not only vcov. This ensures consistency with the vcov_fun argument in ggpredict(). Furthermore, the information about the type of variance-covariance matrix is saved to the ggeffects object returned by ggpredict(), predict_response() etc., and if this information is available, it is automatically used in hypothesis_test() when a ggeffects object is passed to the function.
Fixed bug in wrong order of printed (sub-)tables for predictions.
Fixed wrong table column name for confidence interval columns for other confidence levels than the default 95% in print() for ggeffects objects.
Fixed issue with ggpredict() for models of class fixest when the cluster variable was numeric.
print() method has been revised. A format() method was added, which allows to format the output of ggpredict() (and ggeffect() etc.) for printing. The refactoring of the print() method makes the code base easier to maintain and it is easier to enhance the print-functionality. Now it is possible to create HTML tables as well, using print_html(). The style of the output has also slightly changed. By default, confidence intervals are no longer enclosed in parentheses. You can change this behaviour by passing the ci_brackets argument to print() (see examples), or permanently define custom parentheses or brackets with, e.g., options(ggeffects_ci_brackets = c("[", "]")). Additionally, there are new arguments to further control the output of the tables: collapse_ci can be used to collapse confidence intervals into a single column together with the predicted values. collapse_tables can be used to collapse multiple tables into a single table (only applies when there is more than one focal term). Again, these settings can be permanently defined via options (see ?print.ggeffects for details).print_html(), to print the output as HTML table. This method is available for objects from ggpredict() (and alike) as well as hypothesis_test().ggpredict() for models of class vglm with multivariate responses.ggpredict() now supports models of class rqs from package quantreg.
Fixed issues to be compatible with forthcoming update of emmeans.
ggaverage(), to compute average predicted values. This function is based on marginaleffects::avg_predictons().
pool_comparisons(), to pool results from multiple calls to hypothesis_test(), e.g. with imputed data sets.
Support for sdmTMB (sdmTMB) models.
Improved support for the logistf package, including models flic() and flac().
Confidence intervals for predictions from merMod models (package lme4) now use the standard errors returned by predict(..., se.fit = TRUE). This should not affect numerical results, but can be more robust for certain edge cases. Note that standard errors are only based on predict() when tpye = "fixed". For type = "random", standard errors are still based on the model’s variance-covariance matrix, taking uncertainty from random effects into account.
hypothesis_test() now suppports models from package parsnip.
johnson_neyman() gains a p_adjust argument, to adjust p-values for multiple comparisons. Currently, only p_adjust = "esarey" (resp. p_adjust = "es") and p_adjust = "fdr" (resp. p_adjust = "bh") are supported.
ggpredict() now computes appropriate predicted probabilites for models of class rms::lrm() with ordinal outcome.
Fixed issue in ggpredict() for type = "random" when sampling from random effects levels, where the levels were numeric characters with a pattern like "001", "002", etc.
Fixed minor issue in plot.ggalleffects().
... arguments in ggpredict() are now passed down to the predict() method for mgcv::gam() models.
The typical argument now supports a mix of functions for different variable types at which numeric or categorical covariates (non-focal terms) are held constant.
Clarification of how the re.form argument is set when using type = "random" resp. type = "fixed" in ggpredict().
hypothesis_test() now returns the standard error of contrasts or pairwise comparisons as attribute standard_error. This can be used to compute the test-statistic, if required. In forthcoming updates, there will be methods for insight::get_statistic() and parameters::model_parameters() to include standard errors and test-statistics in the output.
test_predictions() was added as an alias for hypothesis_test().
hypothesis_test() for mixed models, which sometimes failed when random effects group variables were numeric, and not factors.johnson_neyman(), to create Johnson-Neyman intervals and plots from ggeffects objects.Better automatic handling of offset-terms, both for predictions and generating plots with raw data. When the model formula contains an offset-term, and the offset term is fixed at a specific value, the response variable is now automatically transformed back to the original scale, and the offset-term is added to the predicted values. A warning is printed when model contains transformed offset-terms that are not fixed, e.g. via the condition argument.
ggeffect() now supports nestedLogit models.
Fixed issue in hypothesis_test(), where the by argument did not work together with the collapse_levels argument.
Fixed issue in plot() method when adding raw data points for data frame that had now row names.
jitter argument that is used to add some noice to data points to avoid overlapping now defaults to NULL. Formerly, a small jitter was added by default, leading to confusion when data points did not match the original data.The plot() method gets a label.data argument, to add row names to data points when add.data = TRUE.
tibbles are always converted into data frames, to avoid issues.
hypothesis_test() gains a by argument, to specify a variable that is used to group the comparisons or contrasts. This is useful for models with interaction terms.
Plotting residuals did not work when model object passed to ggpredict() were inside a list, or when called from inside functions (scoping issues).
Fixed issue where plotting raw data (i.e. plot(..., add.data = TRUE)) did not work when there were missing data in weight variables (i.e. when the regression model used weights).
Fixes issue in plot() when no term was specified in the call to ggpredict().
Fixed issues with robust estimation for models of package pscl.
Fixed issues introduced by breaking changes in marginaleffects.
Support for nestedLogit (nestedLogit) models.
hyothesis_test() gains a scale argument, to explicitely modulate the scale of the contrasts or comparisons (e.g. "response" or "link", or "exp" to return transformed contrasts/comparisons).
hyothesis_test() now includes the response level for models with ordinal outcomes (and alike).
When ggpredict() is used inside functions and a name for a vector variable (passed as argument to that function) in terms is used, the variable is now correctly recognized.
Partial residuals (when plot(..., residuals = TRUE)) now supports more linear (mixed) models, including models from package lme (such as gls() or lme()).
For mixed models, type = "random" used to calculate prediction intervals that always accounted for random effects variances, leading to larger intervals. Using interval = "confidence" together with type = "random" now allows to calculate “usual” confidence intervals for random effects. This is usefule for predictions at specific group levels of random effects (when focal terms are only fixed effects, use type = "fixed" for regular confidence intervals).
The vcov.fun argument can now also be a function that returns a variance-covariance matrix.
The verbose argument in ggpredict() and hypothesis_test() now also toggle messages for the respective print() methods.
The print() method for hypothesis_test() has been revised and now provides more details for possible transformation of the scale of comparisons and contrasts.
The print() method now shows all rows by default when the focal term is a factor. If rows are not shown in the output, a message is printed to inform the user about truncated output.
A new vignette about using ggeffects in the context of an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity, using the MAIHDA framework.
Fixed issue with wrong order of x-axis-labels for plots when the focal term on the x-axis was a character vector, where alphabetical order of values did not match order of predictions.
Fixed issues in hyothesis_test() for models with ordinal outcomes (and alike).
Added a new [.ggeffects function, which allows to subset ggeffects objects in the same way as regular data frames, i.e. it is now possible to do:
gge <- ggpredict(model, "x1")
gge[c(1:2)]Using a name for a vector variable in terms now works from inside functions. E.g., you can now do:
foo <- function(data) {
fit <- lm(barthtot ~ c12hour + c172code, data = data)
v <- c(20, 50, 70)
ggpredict(fit, terms = "c12hour [v]")
}
foo(efc)The colors argument in plot() can now also be applied to single-colored plots.
hyothesis_test() gains a collapse_level argument, to collapse term labels that refer to the same levels into a singel unique level string.
Fixed issue with misplaced residuals when x-axis was categorical and the factor levels were not in alphabetical order.
pool_predictions() now correctly handles models with transformed response variables (like log(y)) and returns the correct back-transformed pooled predictions (and their confidence intervals).
Fixed issue with wrong computation of confidence intervals for models of class clm from package ordinal.
Fixed failing tests due to changes in the logistf package, which now also supports emmeans. That means, ggemmeans() now also works for models from package logistf.
Fixed bug in plot() when partial residuals were added (i.e. residuals = TRUE) and collapse.group was provided (in case of mixed models).
Fixed issue with on-the-fly created factors inside formulas, which were not correctly treated as factors in the plot() method. This bug was related to recent changes in insight::get_data().
Fixed issue with wrong labels in hyothesis_test() for comparisons with many rows, when betas starting with same digit were specified (e.g. test = "(b1-b13)=(b3-b15)").
Fixed issue in hyothesis_test() for mixed models when focal terms included factors with factor levels that contained a comma.
Fixed issue with missing confidence intervals for mixed models when one of the variable names contains white space characters (e.g. y ~ 'x a' + xb).
mblogit (mclogit), phylolm and phyloglm (phylolm) models.hypothesis_test() gains an equivalence argument, to compute tests of practical equivalence for contrasts and comparisons.
The message whether contrasts or comparisons from hypothesis_test() are on the link-scale is now printed below the table.
Dot arguments (...) in hypothesis_test() are now passed to the functions in marginaleffects, thereby allowing to use further options in functions marginaleffects::predictions(), like transform etc.
hypothesis_test() for mixed models with one focal term only, and when this term was categorical.hypothesis_test(), to compute contrasts and comparisons of predictions and test differences for statistical significance. Additionally, an accompanying vignette that explains the new function in detail is added.
install_latest(), to install the latest official package version from CRAN, or the latest development version from r-universe.
An as.data.frame() method was added, which converts ggeffects objects returned by ggpredict() into data frame, where standard column names are replaced by their related variable names.
Response values are now also back-transformed when these were transformed using log2(), log10() or log1p().
The terms argument can now also be a named list. Thus, instead of terms = c("score [30,50,70]", "status [low, middle]") one could also write terms = list(score = c(30,50,70), status = c("low", "middle")).
Minor changes to meet forthcoming update of insight.
ggpredict() or ggemmeans() get a verbose argument to suppress some messages and warnings when calling
logitr (package logitr)Fixed issue with wrong standard errors for predicting random effect groups for more multiple levels.
Fixed issue in ggemmeans(), which did not correctly averaged over character vectors when these were hold constant.
Fixed bug for models of class lme when type = "re" was requested.
Fix wrong computations of predictions for arm::bayesglm() models.
Fix CRAN check issues.
Speed improvement for some models when calculating uncertainty intervals of predictions.
Minor fixes.
mo() with numeric predictors, which only allow to predict for values that are actually present in the data.Fixed issue with adding raw data points for plots from logistic regression models, when the response variable was no factor with numeric levels.
Fixed issues with CRAN checks.
orm (package rms)Prediction intervals (where possible, or when type = "random"), are now always based on sigma^2 (i.e. insight::get_sigma(model)^2). This is in line with interval = "prediction" for lm, or for predictions based on simulations (when type = "simulate").
print() now uses the name of the focal variable as column name (instead) of "x").
collapse_by_group(), to generate a data frame where the response value of the raw data is averaged over the levels of a (random effect) grouping factor.A new vignette was added related to the definition and meaning of “marginal effects” and “adjusted predictions”. To be more strict and to avoid confusion with the term “marginal effect”, which meaning may vary across fields, either “marginal effects” was replaced by “adjusted predictions”, or “adjusted predictions” was added as term throughout the package’s documentation and vignettes.
Allow confidence intervals when predictions are conditioned on random effect groups (i.e. when type = "random" and terms includes a random effect group factor).
Predicted response values based on simulate() (i.e. when type = "simulate") is now possible for more model classes (see ?ggpredict).
ggpredict() now computes confidence intervals for some edge cases where it previously failed (e.g. some models that do not compute standard errors for predictions, and where a factor was included in the model and not the focal term).
plot() gains a collapse.group argument, which - in conjunction with add.data - averages (“collapses”) the raw data by the levels of the group factors (random effects).
data_grid() was added as more common alias for new_data().
ggpredict() and plot() for survival-models now always start with time = 1.
Fixed issue in print() for survival-models.
Fixed issue with type = "simulate" for glmmTMB models.
Fixed issue with gamlss models that had random() function in the model formula.
Fixed issue with incorrect back-transformation of predictions for geeglm models.
residuals.type argument in plot() is deprecated. Always using "working" residuals.pretty_range() and values_at() can now also be used as function factories.
plot() gains a limit.range argument, to limit the range of the prediction bands to the range of the data.
Fixed issue with unnecessary back-transformation of log-transformed offset-terms from glmmTMB models.
Fixed issues with plotting raw data when predictor on x-axis was a character vector.
Fixed issues from CRAN checks.
interval to ggemmeans(), to either compute confidence or prediction intervals.averaging (package MuMIn)pool_predictions(), to pool multiple ggeffects objects. This can be used when predicted values or estimated marginal means are calculated for models fit to multiple imputed datasets.residualize_over_grid() is now exported.log1p() and log(mu + x).type = "random" or "zi_random"), but random effects variances could not be calculated or were almost zero.multinom models in ggemmeans().ggemmeans() for models from nlme.plot() for some models in ggeffect().terms = "predictor [exp]" is no longer necessary.mlogit (package mlogit)plot() now can also create partial residuals plots. There, arguments residuals, residuals.type and residuals.line were added to add partial residuals, the type of residuals and a possible loess-fit regression line for the residual data.glm since some time. Should be fixed now.ggpredict() and rlmerMods models when using factors as adjusted terms.mclogit (package mclogit)ggeffect().ggpredict() gets a new type-option, "zi.prob", to predict the zero-inflation probability (for models from pscl, glmmTMB and GLMMadaptive).add.data = TRUE in plot(), the raw data points are also transformed accordingly.plot() with add.data = TRUE first adds the layer with raw data, then the points / lines for the marginal effects, so raw data points to not overlay the predicted values.terms-argument now also accepts the name of a variable to define specific values. See vignette Marginal Effects at Specific Values.vcov.type was not specified.type-argument.1.offset() terms.mixor (package mixor), cgam, cgamm (package cgam)x.as.factor is considered as less useful and was removed.fixest (package fixest), glmx (package glmx).plot(rawdata = TRUE) now also works for objects from ggemmeans().ggpredict() now computes confidence intervals for predictions from geeglm models.trials() as response variable, ggpredict() used to choose the median value of trials were the response was hold constant. Now, you can use the condition-argument to hold the number of trials constant at different values.print().clmm-models, when group factor in random effects was numeric.emm() is discouraged, and so it was removed.bracl, brmultinom (package brglm2) and models from packages bamlss and R2BayesX.plot() now uses dodge-position for raw data for categorical x-axis, to align raw data points with points and error bars geoms from predictions.show_pals()).vcov() function to calculate variance-covariance matrix for marginal effects.ggemmeans() now also accepts type = "re" and type = "re.zi", to add random effects variances to prediction intervals for mixed models.... is now passed down to the predict()-method for gamlss-objects, so predictions can be computed for sigma, nu and tau as well.ggeffect(), when one term was a character vector.ggaverage() is discouraged, and so it was removed.rprs_values() is now deprecated, the function is named values_at(), and its alias is representative_values().x.as.factor-argument defaults to TRUE.ggpredict() now supports cumulative link and ordinal vglm models from package VGAM.terms included random effects.add.data is an alias for the rawdata-argument in plot().ggpredict() and ggemmeans() now also support predictions for gam models from ziplss family.print()-method for ordinal or cumulative link models.plot()-method no longer changes the order of factor levels for groups and facets.pretty_data() gets a length() argument to define the length of intervals to be returned.values_at() is an alias for rprs_values().betabin, negbin (package aod), wbm (package panelr)ggpredict() now supports prediction intervals for models from MCMCglmm.ggpredict() gets a back.transform-argument, to tranform predicted values from log-transformed responses back to their original scale (the default behaviour), or to allow predictions to remain on log-scale (new).ggpredict() and ggemmeans() now can calculate marginal effects for specific values from up to three terms (i.e. terms can be of lenght four now).ci.style-argument from plot() now also applies to error bars for categorical variables on the x-axis.gamlss, geeglm (package geepack), lmrob and glmrob (package robustbase), ols (package rms), rlmer (package robustlmm), rq and rqss (package quantreg), tobit (package AER), survreg (package survival)terms = "predictor [1:10]") can now be changed with by, e.g. terms = "predictor [1:10 by=.5]" (see also vignette Marginal Effects at Specific Values).vcov.fun in ggpredict()) now also works for following model-objects: coxph, plm, polr (and probably also lme and gls, not tested yet).ggpredict() gets an interval-argument, to compute prediction intervals instead of confidence intervals.plot.ggeffects() now allows different horizontal and vertical jittering for rawdata when jitter is a numeric vector of length two.AsIs-conversion from division of two variables as dependent variable, e.g. I(amount/frequency), now should work.ggpredict() failed for MixMod-objects when ci.lvl=NA.These binaries (installable software) and packages are in development.
They may not be fully stable and should be used with caution. We make no claims about them.
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